BULGARIA. 657 BTJLGABS. to that date in English; .Tireeek, Das Fursten- turn Bultjaricn (Vienna, 1S!)1). For the most authoritative history nf l!iilj;aria for the period up to 1870, eonsilt: Jirecok, Ucschichic dcr Uul- (/ureti (Prague, 1S7G). For the later history: iluhn. The struggle of the Bulgarians for Xa- tioiial Independence Under Prince Alexander, translation (London, 1886) ; id., The Kidnapping of Prince Alexander of Battenherg, translation (London, 1887); KooJi, Prince Alexander of Battenherg (London, 1887). Consult also: Bat- tenberg. Die volksicirtschaftliehe Enticicklung Bnlgariens ran ISIU bis zur Gegenwart (Leipzig, ISyl): Drandar, Les evenements politiques en Bulgarie depuis lS7li jusqii'a nos jours (Brus- sels, 1896) ; Beaman, Twenty Years in the Xear Hast (London, 1898) ; Strauss, Die Bulgaren (Leipzig, 1898) ; Falkenegg, Aus Bulgariens yeryangenheit und Gegenicart (Berlin, 1900) ; Dieey, The Peasant State (London, 1894) ; Mil- ler, The Balkans — llumania, Bulgaria, Hervia, und Montenegro (Xew York, 1896) ; and Travels and Politics in the ear East ( 1899) : MacOahan, Tlw Turkish Atrocities in Bulgaria (London, 1876) ; Gladstone, The Bulgarian Horrors and the Eastern Question (London, 1876). BTJXGA'RIAN LANGUAGE. A language spoken by nearly j.OOU.OOU people and belonging, with the Church Slavonic, Serbian, and Slove- nian, to the southern group of Slavic languages (q.v.). Although it stands with the other lan- guages that do not possess the so-called Yolllaut, it shares with the Russian its absence of syllabic quantity and possesses a peculiar accent of its own. The ancient nasals have become obscure, indefinite sounds. Jlost striking in morphology is the post-positive use of the article at the end of the noun. Of declension in modern Bulgarian there is but little, the adjectives having lost their degrees of comparison; in conjugation only the present tense remains, all the other forms being periphrastic. Lexically it shows that it has been much influenced by the Turkish, Albanian, Serbian, and Rumanian languages. In reality there is no Pan-Bulgarian language as such. There is a great variety of dialects, which fall into three groups — Southern Thracian. Rliodo- pian. and Western Macedonian. The written lan- guage used in antiquity was the Church Slavonic or a dialect closely resembling it, and known as 'Old Bulgarian.' The 'Middle Bulgarian' dates from the Twelfth Century. The Turkish yoke brought a long interruption in the development of the language, which lasted until nearly the Nineteenth Century. Some of the modern writers have used the Church Slavonic forms, while others have preferred the popular speech. Of late the majority of writers have been inclined to favor the Danubian dialect for literary pui-jjoses. The Cyrillic alphabet is used and the system of spelling has been modeled on the phonetic Serbian spelling of Karajieh. The best grammar is that of Kyriak Cankof (Vienna, 18.5'2), and the best dictionaries are those of BogorotT, Bulgarian- French and French-Bulgarian (Vienna, 1809), and Duvemois, Russian - Bulgarian (Moscow, 188.5-89). A German-Bulgarian dictionary has been published by Miladinow (Sofia, 1897). BULGARIAN POLITICAL PARTIES. See PoiiTicAi. Pautik.s, paragraph Balkan Ulates. BULGARIN, hTTol-gu'rin, Faddeh: Vejjtedik- ToviTcii (1789-1859). A Russian author, bom in Lithuania. He fought in the campaign against France, but afterwards served in the Polish army under Xapoleoii. On Napoleon's fall he returned to Saint Petersburg (18-JO) and dc'voted himself to literature, attracting considerable at- tention by the biting sarcasm of his articles in his daily, the Ttorthcrn Bee, founded in 182.3. He was a servile follower of the Absolutist rC'gime. Through his intimacy with the mem- bers of the secret jjolice he was enabled to do nuich harm to his numerous op])onents. Some of Pushkin's bitterest epigrams have given Bul- garin a notoriety more lasting than the fame of liis own literary efforts. Of tht'sc.Ican 'yzliigin : 0), the li'ussian (HI Bias (1S29), with its sequel, Peter Ivanoviteh Viizhigin (1831), Dinitrii/ (1830), and ilazcppa (1834) were much in vogue in their time. In 1837 he published under his own name the work of N. A. Ivanofl", i)rofes- sor at Dorpat, Russia in Her Historical, statis- tical, Geographical, and Literary Aspects (6 vols.. Saint Petersburg). BULGARIS, Bool-gil'res, Dejietrius (1803- 78 ) . A Greek statesman, bom at Hydra. He fought in the Greek War of Independence, and in 1831 was one of the opponents of Capo d'ls- tria, and upon the downfall of the latter con- ducted the Ministry of Marine. He resigned his position upon the arrival of King Otho, but after the revolutionary movement of 1843 resumed his political activity as a member of the Senate. In 1847 he became Minister of Marine, in 1848 Min- ister of Finance, and after the Crimean 'ar lie was appointed president of the Cabinet, in which capacity he restored order and conciliated the Powers. Afterwards he became one of the foremost opponents of the Bavarian djTiasty in the Senate. TTpon the outbreak of the Revolu- tion of 1862, Bulgaris was proclaimed co-regent with Rufos and Canaris, but was deposed by Canaris in 1803. He served as president of the Ministry in 1803-04, 1865, 1866, 1868, 1871, 1874. BULGABIS, EuGEXios (1716-1806). A Neo-Greek educator and theologian. He was a teacher at .Tanina (after 1750), and director of the academy on !XIount Athos from 1753 to 1758, when he was compelled to resign owing to Turk- ish intrigues. After conducting a similar acad- emy in Constantinople for two years, he was again compelled to renimnce his position, and went to Berlin. Here Frederick the Great gave him a letter of introduction to Catharine 11. of Russia, who appointed him .Vrchbisluq) of Slo- vensk and Kherson. He prepared several valu- able text-books in metaphysics and logic, made notable contributions to the theological litera- ture of his country, and by his translations brought to the attention of the Greeks some of the best .examples of European literature. His style was long accepted as a model, and his range of subjects was extensive. Among his original (5reek works arc the following: Opinions of Philosophers (1804); The First Century of Church History (1805) ; Treatise on Tolerance (1768). BUL'GARS, or BULGARIANS. An an- cient jjeojile of Finnic stock, jirobably akin to the Huns. They first appear in history about the close of the Fifth Century a.d., at which time a part of the nation, advancing westward from the steppes of southern Russia, made its appearance in the region about the mouth of the
