BULGAB.S. 058 BULKHEAD. Danube. Two centuries later they took posses- sion of Lower Moesia, south of the Danube, to which country they gave their name. The de- scendants of these invaders became Slavieized (see BuT.nARiA, parajjraph on Ui.itorn). The part of the nation which had remained behind in iheir ohl homo in the Russian steppes founded a realm known a.s that of the 'olf;a Bulgars. These northern Bulgars embraced Islam. The ruins of their old capital, Bulgar or Bolgara, may he seen near the village of Bolgary in the Russian Government of Kazan. See Bolg.ry. BDLGA'BTJS. The most celebrated of the famous 'four doctors' of the law school of Bo- logna. He was a native of that city, and was regarded as the Clirysostom of the gloss-writer.s. He lived to a great age, becoming childish before liis death in llOti. Bulgarus was one of the most trusted advisers of the Emperor Frederick I. The commentary De Negulis luris is his most celebrated work. It was edited by F. G. C. Beililiaus (Bonn, 1850). BULHAO-PATO, boo-lyouK' pii'tA, Rai- MUNDO Antonio de (1829 — ). A Portuguese poet, born in Bilbao. At the age of 9 he was taken to Lisbon. He is a pupil of Garrett and Herculano, and a pronounced exponent of the Ro- mantic School. He became a member of the Academy of Sciences, and, as chairman of the commission intrusted by that body with the pul)- lication of the Monumcntos ineditos, he edited the Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque (Lisbon, IS84). His independent works include the fol- lowing: Verson (18;)0 and 1857): Paquita, a narrative pcKmi (1800); Cancoes da Tarde ( 1807) : Flares afirestes (1870) : Cantos e satiras (1ST3). BtTLIM'IA (Meo-Lat., from Gk. fiovc, bous, ox -|- /.(uiif, limos, hunger). A term applied to the rapacious appetite manifested by the insane. It is a condition of frequent occurrence in cases of general paresis (q.v. ), less often in cases of mania (q.v.). It is partly of direct psychical origin, partly due to atony and anaesthesia of the stomach. BULI'MTJS. A genus of land-snails (see SxAii,). having an elongated spiral shell with a thickened reflected lip, and often handsomely ornamented. Host of the 300 or more species are tropical, and belong to South America, where they are found mainly on trees and bushes. ".Most of the species are large, some being among the giants of the pulmonates, only cxcee(le<l by the Achatino'. (See Agate-siiell.) The largest species is liiilimus ovatus, which is common in the forests of southern Brazil ; the shell reaches a length of six inches. Tliis species is an article of food, and is sold in the markets of Rio Janeiro. Its eggs are also very large; they have a white calcareous shell and equal in size those of a pigeon." Several species occur along the south- ern border of the United States. See Colored Plate of Snails, Figs. 24 and 27. BULKELEY, Morgan Gardner (1837—). .'*.n American financier and politician. He was born in East Haddam, Conn., was educated in Hartford, and became a merchant in Brooklyn, N. Y. In 1872 he returned to Hartford. :ind ■was president of the ITnited States Bank until 1879, when he accepted the presidency of the .'Etna Life Insurance Company. He was Mayor of Hartford for eight years (1880-88), and in 1880 became Governor of Connecticut. At the election in 1891 no candidate received a con- stitutional majority, so that Governor Bulkeley, though not a candidate, continued to act as the executive until 1893. BULKELEY, Peter (1583-1659). An Ameri- can colonist, the founder of and first minister of Concord, Mass. He was born in Bedfordshire, England, the son of a Non-Conformist minister; was educated at Saint Jolin's College, Cambridge, where he was for some time a fellow, and for twenty-one years was rector of a parish in Bed- fordshire, i'o secure greater freedom of worship, he emigrated to America in 1035 and settled at Cambridge. .Mass. In the same year " he carried a good uuml)er of planters with him up further into the woods" (Mather's Maf/ualia, I., 400), and founded Concord, where he remained as "teacher' and pastor until his death. He was a profound theologian, was a good classical scholar, and, according to Cotton Mather, had throughout life a competently good stroke at Latin poetry" (Magnalia, I., 403). He wrote some English verse, including an elegy on Thomas Hooker (published in Morton's .Vch- England Mcmo- riuU) , and a learned theological worlc entitled The Gospel Covenant; or, the Covenant of Grace Opened (1G46) — "one of those massive, exhaus- tive, ponderous treatises." says Tyler, "into which Puritan theologians put their enormous biblical learning, their acumen, their industry, the fervor, pathos, and consecration of their lives" (Tyler, History of American Literature^ Xew York, 1878). Consult an interesting sketch in Mather's ilagnatia (London, 1702), and an article, "Life and Times of Rev. Peter Bulkeley," in the -Ycir Enqlnnd Historical and Genealogical Uegister. Yol. X.KXI. (Boston. 1877). BULKHEAD (hulk or balk, Ger. Balke, beam, bar). 'J'he name sjiven to n variety of con- structions in civil and marine engineering. In tunneling a bulkhead is a vertical partition of timber or masonry intended to prevent the passage of water, air, or mud. Tunnel bulkheads nuiy be made solid or they may be provided with a door to give passage to workmen and materials. In harbor work the term bulkhead is often ap- plied to the sea-wall which nuirks the shore-line, and from which the piers or quays project out into the water. On shipboard a bulkhead is a partition sepa- rating the compartments of a ship. In modem vessels bulkheads are chiefly of steel, like the rest of the hull. .Ml vessels are now divided into several compartments by watertight bulkheads as a matter of safety, so that the breaching and consequent tilling of one compartment with water need not necessarily cause the ship to founder. W'ater-tiglit bulklieads are both transver.se and longitudinal, the fonuer dividing the ship into several great compartments, and the latter sub- dividing these. In addition to the main bulk- heads, many parts of war-sliips, like magazines, shell-rooms, etc., are especially inclosed. In mer- chant vessels the principal transverse bulklieads are wittioiit any holes throiigli them below the w."iter line: but in men-of-war the necessity for communication below lias necessitated" the cut- ting of doors which are designed to lie water- tight, but many of them are probal>ly not wholly so. In sliips having two or three screws, the engines for each are in separate compartments, the boilers are placed in one or more compart-
