BXTLKHEAD. 639 BULL. ments, and the coal-bunkers are divided into sev- eral. In most merchant vessels a cotUsion bulk- hciid is fitted a short distance from the stem, and several steamers have been saved by it from foundering. BTJLK'LEY, L. Dcncax (1845—). ^Vn American phvsieian. He was bom in New York and was educated at Yale (18G0). and at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (ISOy), and afterwards took a supplementary course in derniatolog>- abroad. In 1901 he was attending phvsieian at the New York Skin and Cancer Hospital, at the Hospital for Ruptured and Crippled, and at the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital. He was also consulting physician at the Xew York Hospital, and dermatologist at the hospital on Randall's Island. The following are some of his principal publications: Analifsis of Eight Thousand Cases of Skin Disease (1882) ; Acne and its Treatment (1885) ; Syphilis in the Innocent (1894); Manual of Diseases of the Skin (1898) ; Eczema and its Treatment (1901). BULL (Lat. huUa, anything round or swelling, a boss, knob). Originally the name of the cap- sule of the seal appended to letters, afterwards to the whole seal, and later to the document itself; in its earlier use sometimes applied to documents issued bv the emperors, as in the ease of the celebrated Golden Bull (q.v.) of the Emperor Charles IV., 1356. the Byzantine and early Frank emperors being accustomed to use a golden seal. The name is "now applied exclusively to documents put forth in the name of the Pope. They are issued by the Apostolic Chancery, and differ in several particulars from briefs. (See Brief.) In cases of granting favors, the seal is appended to the open letter by a yellow or red silk cord: but in the administration of justice a gray cord is used. The Gothic character was used for bulls, as distinguished from briefs iovm to 1878, when Leo XIII. ordered the use of the ordinary character. At the same time he re- stricted the use of the very ancient leaden seal previously employed to the more important bulls, replacing it for other cases by a simple red one stamped on the parchment. All bulls begin with the name of the PofX!. followed by the title Servus servorum Dei. The greeting is followed by a general introduction, the first words of ■which are usually adopted to designate the bull; for example, thebull Exsurrje Domine, issued by Pope Leo X. and birned by Luther; In Cena Domini, the celebrated declaration against here- tics, first issued by Urban V. in 13ti2; the famous Vnigeniius, which condemned Quesnel in 1713: Dominus ac Kedemptor noster, which abolished the Jesuits, and Sollicitudo omnium, which re- stored them; Ineffabilis, which proclaimed the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception in 1854; and Pa.^tor aternus, which defined the Papal in- fallibilitv in 1870. The fullest collection of Papal bulls is that l)egun by Coquelines (1733- 62) and continued by Barberi and Gaude. BULL. A ludicrous and unintentional blun- der in speech due to the conjunction of coiilradie- torj- or incompatible ideas. Some would trace the" origin of the term to the Papal bulls, in which the Pope styles himself 'the servant of servants.' but claims spirifunl authority over the world. The following aphorism, ascribed to a soldier who hn< run awav. is a t'ood illustration of a bull: "Well, it's better to be a coward for a few hours than to be dead all the rest of your life!" The Irish are noted for their bulls. Con- sult Edgcworth, .In Essay on Irish Bulls (Lon- don, 1802). See RocuE, Sib Boyus. BULL. See Os. BULL, CnABLES Stedman (1846 — ). An American physician, born in New York City and educated at Colimibia University and at the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons ( 1868). He was- house physician and surgeon at Bellevue Hospital for eighteen months, and then went abroad, where he studied for two jears in Vienna, Hei- delberg, Berlin, Utrecht, Paris, and London; and was a pupil of Von Arlt, Graefe, and Donders. He is professor of ophthalmology in Cornell Uni- versity iledical College and consulting ophthal- mic surgeon to the Presbyterian, Saint Luke's,, and Saint Jlarv's hospitals. New York. Dr. Bull is ranked among the greatest living oculists. He is the author of a large number of medical works, among which are the following: Choroi- ditis Following Cerebrospinal Meningitis (1873) ; Influence of the Fifth ycrve in Iritis and Choroiditis (1876); Symptomatology and Path- ology of Intracranial Tumors (1875). He ed- ited the third and fourth editions of J. Soelberg Aells's Treatise on Diseases of the Eye, to which subject he has also contributed nimierous origi- nal papers. BULL, George (1034-1710). An Englisk bishop and theological writer. He was born at Wells and studied at Oxford, whence he retired in 1649, having refused to take the Conuuon- wealth oath imposed by Parliament. He received holy orders when 21 years old. and was appointed pas'tor of Saint George's. Bristol: later he had the two parishes of Suddington Saint Marys and Suddington Saint Peter's, "in 1669 he published his Uarmonia Apostolica, the object of which was to reconcile the apostles Paul and James on the subject of justification. His work occasioned considerable controversy among clergymen, and in answer to criticisms Bull published, in 1675, his Examen Censurce and Apologia pro Bur- monia. In 1678 he was presented to a prebend in Gloucester Cathedral, and made rector of Avening. Gloucestershire. In 1679 he was in- stalled Archdeacon of Llandall', and received the degree of D.D. from Oxford University. In 1685, to vindicate himself from the charge of Socinian- ism, he published his Defensio Fidei Siccena; in which he gives the testimony of the anti-Nieene fathers on the doctrine of the Trinity. This was supplemented in 1694 by his Judicium Ecclesiie Catholicw, for which the thanks of the whole French clergj' were sent to him through the cele- brated Bossuet. His last work, also on the Trinitarian controversy, was Primitica et .Apos- tolica Traditio. In reply to Bossuet, who had expressed wonder that Dr. Bull remained sepa- rated from the Church of Rome, he published The Corruptions of the Church of Rome (1705- 07). He was consecrated Bishop of Saint David's in 1705. A complete edition of his works, in- cluding his sermons and his life by Robert Nel- son, was published at the Clarendon Press (Ox- ford. 1827). BULL, Golden. See Golden Bull. BULL, John. A popular sj-nonj-ra for the English people. Arbuthnot first gave it literary currency in his History of .John Hull (1712), a piditical allegory intended to satirize the Duke of .Marlborough," and to increase feeling against
