BUNION. 672 BUNSEN. ishing diet. Such iilcers, under the best treat- ment, not very infrequently form the starting- point for senile gangrene. BUNKER HILL, B.ttle ok. The fir.st se- vere battle of the Ameriean Revolution, fought June 17, 177.'), on Breed".s Hill and Bunker Hill, Charlestown, JIass., between about :it)00 British troops under General Howe and about 1500 Americans under Col. William Prescott. On the night of the Itith Prescott was sent to fortify Bunker Hill, the possession of which would com- pel the evacuation of Boston by tlic British ; but he threw up an earthwork on Breed's Hill in- stead, and there awaited the English attack. On June 17, at 3 r.M., the British charged up the hill, but were driven back with great loss. A second charge also was rc])ulsed. At 4..30 o'clock, however, the British advanced again, and this time, the powder of 'the Americans being spent, succeeded in dislodging Prescott's men and forcing them from the field. The losses in killed, wounded, and missing were 1054 (includ- ing 157 officers) for the British, and about 450 for the Americans, .mong those killed on the American side was General Warren. In the course of the engagement Charlestown was set on fire by British shells and «as burned to the ground. Though Howe secured a strategic point which enabled him to retain his hold on Boston, the battle was morally a victory for the Ameri- cans, in that it <lemo'nstrated their fighting ca- pacity, and greatly increased the s|)irit of resist- ance "throtighout the country. The best account of the battle is probably that in Richard Froth- ingham, Sieqe of Boston (Boston. 184!)). Con- sult, also, G. E. Ellis, nistorii of the Rattle of Bunker's (Breed's) Hill (Boston, 1875) , and an excellent and discriminating article by C. F. Adams. Jr., in Vol. I. of The American Histori- cal Ifcririr (New York. ISiU)). BUNKER HILL MONUMENT. An obe- lisk comiuemoraling the battle of Bunker Hill. It stands on the battle-ground on Breed's Hill (now Bunker Hill), Boston. The shaft is of Quincy granite 221 feet high with interior steps leading to an outlook at the summit. General Lafayette assisted in laying the cornerstone in 1825J on which occasion Daniel Webster deliv- ered his famous dedicatory oration. The monu- ment was formally dedicated in 1843, Webster being again the chief speaker. BUN'NER, Hexby Cuyi-ER (1855-00). An American novelist and humorist : editor of Ptich from almost its beginning till his death. Hewas bom in Os^^■ego and educated in Xew York, whither he came as a youth. After a brief ex- perience of business life he essayed journalism on the statT of the short-lived Arrndian., and passed thence in 1877 to the editorial office of I'uek. a journal to which he gave a certain dignity and authority in political matters, foreign to the usual standard of the comic i)ress. His editorials were honest, independent, never ran- corous, never cynical, never time-serving. His satire seemed to spring from knowledge. Those ■who winced felt that the writer was one of themselves. He could be counted on as a force for political honesty and social sanity, an enemy of all visionary schemes of I^opian agitators and socialistic extremists. But besides this edi- torial work, the memory of whose worth and power is slowly fading away, BuBner distin- guished himself "as a novelist, a story-writer, and a poet. Both The Midge (1886) and The Story of a Xew York Hoiisv (1887) showed a sym- pathetic feeling for the artistic elements in New York life, but his genius was even more marked in short stories, admirable in their restrained )>athos, unobtntsive humor, and simplicity of structure, barbed often with a political or social moral, and touched .sometimes with an idyllic charm. Of several volumes of these stories, the most popular arc Zadok Pine (1891); Short Sixes (1801) ; More Short Sixes (1804) ; Lore in Old ('loathes (189G) ; and .Jersey Street and ■Icr- sey Lane (1806). Of imique interest is Made in France (1893), stories adapted from ilau- pas.sant (q.v.), with a remarkable skill, that occasionally betters the French originals. Bun- ner's verses, which are marked by grace and charm, are collected in Airs from Areadij (1S84) and Roiren. He wrote also a plav. The Toner of Babel (1883). He died in Xutlev. X. J.. :Mav 11, 1896. BUN'NING, Herbert (1803—). An English composer and uuisical director. He was born in London, was educated at Braseuose College. Ox- ford, and in 1884-80 was a lieutenant of the I'ourth Hussars. From 1880 to 1890 he studied music in France and Italy, and from 1805 to 1890 was director of music at the Prince of Wales's, London. His publications include a Villpge Suite (1896), for orchestra, and con- sideral)le instrumental and vocal music. BUNSEN, boTinsVn, Chrlsti-ax K.rl Josias, Baron (1791-1800). A German scholar and di- plomatist. He was born August 25, 1701, at Kor- l)ach, in the Principality of Waldeck, and studied pliilology at Giittingen under HeTOe. He taught in the Latin school there and was private tutor to W. C. Astor. of Xew Y'ork, ith wjioni he traveled in Germany in 1813. To extend his knowledge of the Teutonic tongues, Bunsen went to Holland and afterwards to Copenhagen. The work and character of X^iebuhr (q.v.) aroused his enthu- siasm, and he spent some months of 1815 in Ber- lin in the company of the historian. In 1816 he went to Paris, and studied Persian and Ara- bic under Sylvestre de Sacy. and in the same year removed to Rome, here he married. X'^ie- buhr, then Prussian AnAassador, took the great- est interest in the scientific i)ursuits of Bunsen, and procured (1818) his appointment as secre- tary to the embassy. While Frederick William III. was in Rome in 1822. he formed a favorable opinion of Bunsen's abilit' and character, and requested him to continue in the State service. On X^iebuhr's departure from Rome (1824), Bun- sen conducted the embassy provisionally for a time, and was then appointed Resident jlinister (1827). Living in intimate intercourse with Xiebuhr, Bunsen had employed the time in prose- cuting his investigations into the philosophy of language and religicm, and had made, on the one hand, the |)hilosoi)hy of Plato and the constitu- tions of antiquity, and, on the other, biblical in- quiries. Church history, and liturgies, objects of si)ecial attention. Though not within the scope of the great plan of his life, he contributed large- ly to the Bcschreihunfi dcr StadI Horn (3 vols., 1830-43) the greater part of the topographical commtmications on ancient Rome, and all the in- vestigations into the early history of Christian Rome. The first visit of the Egyptologist Cham- pollion (q.v.) to Rome formed an epoch in Bunsen's antiquarian studies. He became him-
