BXJNSEN. 673 BUNT. self a zealous auditor of CliaiiipolHon. and also encouraged Lepsius (([.v.) in the study of hiero- glyphics. The ArcluvolcTLrical Institute, estab- lished in 1829, found in Jiunsen its most active supporter. He founded the Protestant hospital on the Tarpeian Rock in IS3.i. During his resi- dence in Rome he contrihuted largely to the re- vision of the Lutheran liturg^•. In 1841 Bunscn was sent on a special mission to London and was shortly afterwards appointed Ambassador at the English Court. In Berlin, in IS44, he was asked to set forth his views on the question of granting ,a constitution to Prus- sia : and he presented a series of memorials repre- senting the need of a deliberative assembly, and also nuide a plan of a constitution modeled on that of England. In the Sehleswig-Holstein question, Bunsen strongly advocated the German view, in opposition to Denmark, and jjrotested against the London protocol of 18.50, although he was prevailed upon to sign that of 1852 respect- ing the succession in Denmark and Sehleswig- Holstein. In the midst of all his political duties, Bunsen continued unabated his literary and phil- osophical pursuits, the results of which appeared from time to time. Because he differed from his Government as to the part Prussia should take in the Eastern Question (q.v.), Bunsen ceased in 1854 to represent Prussia at the Court of Eng- land, and retired to Heidelberg. He had a deep appreciation of English national characteristics. In England he was regarded by those who knew him as the most philosophical and most reverent of lay theologians. His chief works are: De lure Atheniensiiim Hcereditaiio (1813): Die Kirchc der Zukunft (translated into English, and published by Longman, 1845) ; Ignatius von Antiochien iiitd seine Zeit (1847): Die drei echten und die vier unechten liriefe des Ignatius von Antiochien (1847) ; Aegiiptcns Stelle in der M'eltgeschichte (translated into English by Cot- trell, 1845-47) : Die liasiiik-en des chrisilichen Roms (1843) ; Hippo!ijttis und seine Zeit (1851) ; Christianity and Mankind (1854); Gott in der Geschichte (1857); and Vollstiindigcs Bibel- werk fiir die Geineinde (9 vols., 1858-70). This Bunsen hoped to make his chief woik, but he only completed the first, second, and fifth vol- umes, the others being from his notes b}- Holtz- mann and Kamphausen. Bunsen was created a baron in 1857, and died in Bonn. Xovember 28, 1860. Consult A Memoir of Baron Bunsen, by his wife (London, 1868). BUNSEN, Fr.xces, Baroness (1791-1876). The wife of the preceding, of whom she pub- lished a biography under the title A Memoir of Baron Bunsrn, Draun Chiefti/ from Family Papers, by His Widow, Frances, liaroness Han- sen { ISfiS). She was an Englishwoman by birth. Consult Hare, life and Letters of Frances, Bar- oness Bunsen (London, 1882). BUNSEN, Robert Wn.nELji (1811-99). A distinguished German chemist. He entered the University of Ueidell)erg and devoted himself to the study of geology, chemistry, and physics. He afterivards continued his studies in Paris, Berlin, and Vienna. After having held the post of professor in Cassel, Marburg, and Breslau, successively, he was, in 1852. appointed to the chair of chemistry at the University of Heidel- berg, where he remained until 1880, when he re- tired from active service. Bunsen's discoveries have formed important contributions to the progress of science in the latter part of the Nineteenth Century. His discovery jointly with KirchhoH', of the method of si)ectrum analysis, has led to the discovery of the alkali metals, ca'si- um and rul)idiiun, and, )nor(^ recently, of a num- ber of other elements; with the aid of the spectroscope we are enabled further to analyze the fixed stars by analyzing the light we receive from them and ascertaining the lines character- istic of the several elementary substances com- posing the visible universe. Bunsen's flame tests (see Analysis and Flame) have formed another method in analytical chemistry, remarkalile for its neatness and simplicity : the flame reactions are usually observed with the aid of the well- known burner of Bunsen's invention, which furnished a smokeless, non-luminous flame of high temperature: the principle of the Bunsen burner is now extensively utilized in the house- hold for cooking purposes. Bunsen also carried out a series of interesting researches on the double cyanides; and the cacod^l (q.v.) groups discovered by him soon after Wohler and Liebig had discovered the benzoyl group, served to con- firm the idea that the nature of an organic com- pound depends U]ion the radicals of which it is composed — one of the fundamental principles of modern organic chemistry. He further de- vised a process for making the metal magnesium on a large scale and showed how to obtain an exceedingly brilliant light by burning magne- sium wire; discovered the fact that hydrated oxide of iron is an excellent antidote for arsenic poisoning, etc. Only a few of his more impor- tant contributions to physical chemistry can be mentioned here. He investigated the absorption of gases by liquids at difl'ercnt temperatures and under dillerent pressures: he showed that the melting temperature of substances which, unlike water, e.xpand during the change from the solid to the liquid state, rises with increase of external pressure; he studied the chemical distribution of a given gas between two other gaseous sub- stances, when exploded with a mixture containing an excess of either: invented the ice-calorim- eter, which is often indispensable in thermo- chemical determinations; jointl}' with Roscoe, he adapted John W. Draper's actinometer for use in work of precision, and, by the use of the improved instrument, carried out, together with Roscoe, a series of important photo-chemical measure- ments. He invented also the filter-pump, a photometer, a galvanic cell w'hich is extensively used in physical laboratories, and other useful apparatus. Among his publications nuiy he mentioned: Gasomctrische Metlioden (1857); Chemisehe Analyse dnrrh Hprkt ralbcobacht ungen (jointly with Kirchhoff, 1861); and Flummen- reaktioncn (1880). BUNT (perhaps a corruption of burnt). A disease of wlieat due to a parasitic fungus. Til- letia trilici or Tilktia fwtens. Bunt is also called Stinking Smut, Pe/iper Brand, and some- times iS»i«f B(i7?. Wheat attacked by this fungus assumes a bluish-gi"een color and the plants never take on the characteristic color of ri])encd grain. The individual grains in the head are attacked, and if broken open will be found filled with black spores of a jjcculiar fetid odor, hence the name of stinking smut. It is one of tlic most com- mon and injurious diseases of wheat, often af- fecting a great part of a croj). although iis prev- alence has been greatly diminished by care on
