BUTLER. 728 BUTLEB. fellow in philosophy there from 1882 to 1884. He then spent a year in study in I?eilin and Paris; returned to Columbia University as as- sistant in philosopliy in 1885: and, after hold- ing various minor positions there, heoame pro- fessor of philosophy, ethics, and psychology, and first dean of the faculty of philosophy in 1890. In 1887 he organized and became the first presi- dent of the New York College for the Training of Teachers (now Teachers College, Columbia University). In 1891 he founded the Educa- tional Renew, of which he has since been editor; and, in addition, he has edited the Great Edu- cators Series; the Teachers' Professional Li- brary; and the Columbia T'nivcrsity Coiitribu- tions to Philosophy and Education. In 1894 he was elected president of the National Edu- cational Association, and on the resignation of Seth Low from the presidency of Columbia in 1901, he became acting president, and soon afterwards was regularly chosen as president of the university. He is the author of a great many addresses, papers, essays, and reviews, some of which have been collected in a volume, under the title. The Meaning of Education (1898). BTJTLER, Pierce Mason (1798-1847). An American soldier and politician. He was born in South Carolina, entered tlic army as second lieutenant of infantry in 1810, and became cap- tain in 1825. He resigned his commission in 1829, and was president of a bank in Columbia, S. C, from 1829 to 1836, but served as lieuten- ant-colonel during the second Seminole War. He became Governor of the State in 1838, and after the expiration of his term was Indian agent until the beginning of the Mexican War. He then was appointed colonel of the Palmetto P»egiment, and in this capacity served with great gallantry in several engagements, but was killed at the battle of Churubusco, August 20, 1847. BUTLEB, Reuben. The husband of Jeanie Deans, in Scott's novel. The Heart of Mid- lothian ; a Scotch minister and 'a puir creetur.' BUTLEB, Samuel (1612-80). An English satirist. He was baptized at Strensham, Worces- tershire, February 8, 1012, and educated at the Worcester Grammar School. It is a tradition that he also attended one of the universities, most likely Cambridge. When a young man he entered the household of the Countess of Kent, where he became acquainted with Sel- den. He also studied painting at tliis time. Leaving the serice of the Countess, he be- came attendant to a succession of country gen- tlemen. During this period he wrote much of Hudihras, the hero of the poem being one of his masters — Sir Samuel Luke, of Cople Hoo, near Bedford. In 1060 he was made secretary to the Earl of Carbery, who appointed him steward of Ludlow Castle. Soon after lie mar- ried a woman of good family and some prop- erty, which, however, was lost in bad securities. He published the first part of Hudihras in IOCS, and its reception at Court was immediate and triumphant. Then the cofTee-houses and taverns took up the poem. Thoigh the King had wit enough to see the merit of the work, he lacked generosity to relieve the necessities of the writer. Poverty is almost the only thing in Butler's life that one is certain of. In 1004 he published the second part of his book, and a third part appeared in 1678. He died in Rose Street, Covent Garden, September 25, ICSO. Hudihras is a kind of metrical Don Quixote. The Puritans are the subject of ridicule, and King Charles must have felt that the poet avenged for him the battle of Worcester. But- ler thinks in witty couplets, he argues in them, he spears his foes with a jest, he routs and ihases them into oblivion with inextinguishable laugliter. His best things have become proverbs. In 1759 appeared The Genuine Semains, in Prose and Verse, of S. Butler (London), which contains a series of character sketches and much brilliant satire in the manner of Hudi- hras. Consult: The new edition of Hudibras, in Morley's Universal Library (London, 1894) ; and Poetical H'orAs, edited by .lohnson (London and New York, 1893). BUTLER, Walter ( ? -1634). An Irish soldier in the Austrian service. He rose to be a colonel of dragoons in the arm}- of Wallenstein, in whose murder he was an accomplice. (See Wallenstein.) Subsequently lie distinguished himself at Niirdlingen. He appears in Schiller's Wallriistein. BUTLER, William Allen (1825-1902). An American lawver and satirical poet. He was born in Albany, X. Y., February 20, 1825, the son of Benjamin F. Butler (1705-1858), a prom- inent New Y'ork lawyer and politician. He studied law in his father's oflice, and became a successful lawyer, finding time, however, to contribute papers and poems to various maga- zines. He is best known for his satire entitled "Nothing to Wear," published anonymously in Harper's Weekly in 1857. This was widely cir- culated and was translated into French and Ger- man. It has recently (1899) been republislied, with others of his poems. Mr. Butler first col- lected his poems in 1871 ; he also wrote quite a number of prose works, among them a sketch of ilartin Van Burcn (1862) ; and Do- mestieus, a story dealing with the labor ques- tion (1886). BUTLEB, WiLLi.M Archer (c.1814-48). An Irish moral philosopher and clergyman of the Est.ablished Church. He was born at Annervel, and was at first educated as a Roman Catholic, but became a Protestant, and graduted at Trin- ity College, Dublin, where he was subsequently scholar in 1834-36. In 1837 he was appointed professor of moral philosophy at Trinity Col- lege, and having been at about the same time ordained as a clergyman, received the prebend of Clondehorka, and in 1842 the rectorship of Raymoghy. His best-known works are the /?er- mons. Doctrinal and Practical (1849), and the eloquent Lectures on the History of Ancient Philosophy (1856). BUTLEB, Sir William Francis (1837—). A British soldier, born in County Tipperary, Ireland. He was privately educated, entered the army, and rose to be lieutenant colonel in 1880. He served in the Ashanti War (1870), the Zulu War (1879), and the war in the Sudan (1884- 85), and commanded the English troops at Alexandria in 1890-93. In 1898 he was in com- mand of the army in South Africa, and, in 1899- 1000, of the troops of the Western District. He was promoted in 1900 to be lieut<'nantgcneral, and wa.s appointed commanding oflicer at .lder-
