BUTLER. 729 BUTSCHLI. shot. He has published The Great Lone Land (1872); Far and Out (1880); Charles George Gordon (1889): a life of Sir George Pomeroy Colley (1839) ; and other works. BXJTLEB, WiLUAM JfoRRis (1850—). An American physician. He was born at JIaine, N. Y., studied at Hamilton Collesc and the New York College of Pliysicians and Surgeons, and in 1874 became connected with the State. Ho- mteopathie Hospital at Middletowii, N. '. In 1883 he began practice in Brooklyn, N. Y., where he was appointed visiting physician of the Homteopathie Hospital and consulting physician of the Memorial Hospital. He be- came, also, professor of mental and nervous diseases in the Metropolitan Pastgraduate School of Medicine, Xew York City. His publi- cations include Home Care for the Insane. BUTLER, WiLLi.M Orlando (1791-1880). An .American soldier and politician. He was born in Jessamine County. Ky. ; early removed with his parents to Bullitt County; and in 1812 graduated at Transylvania University'. On the outbreak of the War of 1812 he joined a company of Kentucky volunteers, and subse- quently participated in the engagements of January 18 and January 22, 1813, on the river Raisin. (See Frenciitowx. ) He was held for some time as a captive, but afterwards took an active part, as captain, in the engagement at Pensacola, in that of December 23, 1814, at New Orleans (for which he was brevetted major), and in the famous battle of New Orleans, on January 8, 1815. In May, 1817, he resigned from the service and returned to Kentucky, where he became a successful lawyer and poli- tician. He ser'ed for three consecutive terms after 1817 in the State Legislature, and from 1839 to 1843 was a member of Congress. In 1844 he was Democratic candidate for Governor of the State, and. though defeated, reduced the Whig majority from "28,000 to something over 4000. He was appointed major-general of vol- unteers in June, 1846, for service in the Mexican War; joined General Taylor soon afterwards; took a prominent part in the northern cam- paign, distinguishing himself particidarly at jlonterey, where he was wounded ; joined Gen- eral Scott at Mexico City, with a considerable reinforcement; and participated in the final operations of the southern campaign. On Feb- ruary 18, 1848, nine days after the signing of the preliminary treaty with Mexico, and about three months before the proclamation of peace (on May 29), he superseded Scott as command- ing general of the American Army. On August 15, 1848. he again left the service, and in the Presidential campaign of that year he was the Democratic candidate for Vice-President on the ticket with General Cass. Subsequently, until his death, he lived almost wholly in retirement, though in 18ljl he attended the celebrated 'Peace Conference' at Washington. He pub- lished a collection of poems entitled. The Boat- man's Horn, and Other I'octn.i. For his life, consult Blair, The Life and Puhlic Services of General William 0. Butler (Baltimore, 1848). BUTLER, Zebllo.n- (1731-95). An American soldier. He was born in Connecticut, served in the French and Indian War of 1755-03, and set- tled at Wyoming. Pa., in 17(i9. He was lieuten- ant'Colonel of the Connecticut troops in Xew Jersey in 1777-78, commanded the garrison of Forty Fort at the time of the Wyoming massa- cre (see Wyoming V.^lley), and in 1779 sened in Sullivan's expedition against the Indians. BUTLEROFF, boot'ler-6f, Alexander Mi- KiiAii.ovic'u (1825-80). A Russian chemist. He was liorn at Tchistopol (Government of Kazan) and was educated at the University of Kazan, where, in 1858, he was appointed professor of chemistry. He also held the position of rector at that institution. In 1808 he was called in the same capacity to the University of Saint Petersburg. Besides publishing a valuable work on the general principles of organic chem- istry, Buderoti' carried out a number of inter- esting original investigations. His be.st-known contribution to science was the discovery of the so-called tertiary alcohols (see Alcohols), and of a general method by which the subst:inccs of this class may be readily prepared ( 'Bulleroff's reaction'). His scientific papers may be found in the publications of the academies of Saint Petersburg and Paris, and in Liebig's Ayinalen. Butlerofl" was a strong believer in spiritualism, and even published a work in French on this sub- ject, entitled Etudes psychiques. BU'TO (Gk.BouTii. Boutu). The Greek form of the Egyptian Pe(r)-Vzoy(t) (House of Uzoyt), the name of a city which, in prehistoric times, seems to have been the capital of Lower Egv'pt. The goddess Uzoyt, from whom the city took its name, was the patroness of the Delta. She is represented in the form of a serpent, and was identified by the Greeks with Latona. The city of Buto appears to have been situated on an islatid of the modern Lake Burlos, but the exact location is unknown. BUTON, buo'ton. BOETON, or BUTUNG. An island of the Dutch East Indies, situated southeast of Celebes, from which it is sep- arated b}- Buten Strait. It is included be- tween latitudes 4° 25' and 5° 45' S. and longi- tudes 122° 3-2' and 123° 30' E. Area, about 1700- square miles. It has an elevated surface and is fertile and thickly wooded. It is an adminis- trative dependency of Celebes, but is governed by a native chief under a Dutch resident. The chief town is Buton, at the southwest extremity of the island. Population, estimated at 100,000, ehielly Malays. BUTSCHLI, but'shle. Otto (1848—). A German zoologist, born in Frankforton-the- Main. He studied at the Karlsruhe Technical School and at the University of Heidelberg, be- came a lecturer at the former (1870-78), and in 1878 was appointed professor of zoology at the latter. His early researches concerned the his- tory of the evolution of gastrojjods, worms, and insects, and the anatomical structure of the nematodes and other worms. In bis "Studien iilicr (lie Zclltcilung imd die Konjugation der In- fusorien" (in 'ol. X. of the At)handlunrjrn of the Sneckcnherg Society, 1876), he was a pioneer in cstahlishing modern scientific knowledge of nu- cleus and cell division. His studies of the con- stitution of protoplasm and the structure of bacteria have aroused wide scientific interest and discussion. His imblications include an im- portant volimie on the ■■Protozoen"( constituting 'ol. I. of Bronn's Klassen and Ordnungen des Tierrciehs, 1880-89) ; Untersuchungen iiber uiihroslcopische Schiiume und das Proloplasma
