CESAREAN OPERATION. 787 CAT. A modification of the Coesarean operation, knovn as Poiro's operation, removes the utenis after it is freed of its contents, thus obviating any possibility of a future pregnancy. Consult Kelly, Opcratice Gi/ncccology (New York, 1898). C^SAR IN EGYPT. A tragedy by Colley fibber, produced at Drury Lane in 1724, and published in octavo in the following year. Its sources are Beaumont and Fletcher's False One and Corneille's llort dc Pompec. C-fflSARIO, se-za'ri-o. In Shakespeare's Tiiilfth i(jht, the name under which Viola, in the disguise of a page, enters the service of Orsino. CJESARISM. A term applied to that form of absolute rule in which the functions of gov- ernment are exercised bj' a single person in w honi they have, presumably, been vested by the will of the people. Such a despotism was that of Julius Csesar, resting on a basis of popularity purchased by the free distribution of bread and gratuitous admittance to the gladiatorial shows, oi- that of the two Napoleons with its recourse to pliable plebiscites. CffiSA'RITJS, Sai>'T op Akles. A bishop of the Sixth Century. He was educated in the monastery of Lerins, was ajiiJointed in 502 to the episcopal chair of Aries, and introduced into his bishopric many needed reforms. His RegulcE Duce were much used by the founders of orders, previous to the general adoption of the Rule of Benedict. In 529, at the sjTiod of -Arausio (now Orange), he defended the Augus- tinian doctrines against the Semipelagians. C^SARIUS OF HEISTERBACH, his'ter- b;iG. A German preacher and historian of the Thirteenth Century. He became a Cistercian friar in the monastery of Heisterbach, and died as prior there. He wrote De Miraculis et Vision- ibus sui Temporis (Cologne, 1591) ; Bomilia (ib. 1615) ; and other works. Consult Kaufraann, Ccesariu.i von Heisteriach (Cologne, 1850). CffiSARIUS OF NAZTAN'ZUS ( ? -368). A Christian scholar and writer of the Fourth Century. He was educated at Alexandria, went thence to Constantinople, where many digni- ties were conferred upon hiui, and was dis- tinguished for his knowledge of mathematics and physics. He is credited with four dialogues in the Latin editions of Saint Gregory, as also in the BibUotheca Pntrtnn ; and Suidas says he wrote a work entitled Contra Gentes. C.ai'SARODU'NUM: (CWsar + Gadhel. dun, stronghold, fort, AS. dt'm, Engl, down, Latinized dunum). The ancient name of Tours, meaning 'Caesar's Fort.' C^SARS, The City of the. A legendary city of South America sought by many explor- ers of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth centuries. It is generally supposed to have been built by a member of the party of Sebastian Cabot, Caesar by name, on the eastern slope of the Andes, near the middle western border of Argentina, in the second quarter of the Sixteenth Century. An- other legend holds that it was founded by a ship- wrecked Spanish crew, in the same locality and time. CESAR'S HOUSEHOLD (Lat. familia C'CBsaris, Gk. i) Kniaapor o'lKia, hS Kaisaros oikia) . A phrase used in the Epistle to the Philippians (iv. 22, "All the saints salute you, especially they that are of Ca;sar's household"). In its later and nuu-e developed usage, it referred to the Imperial household as embracing, not merely the immediate servants of the jialacc, but the whole list of the Emperor's attendants, amount- ing to a considerable portion of the city's popula- tion, and including in its number persons of rank, as well as freedmen and slaves. At the time when Philippians was written, however, the usage of the phrase was restricted, and denoted merely the direct servants and dependents of the Imperial establishment, who were exclusively slaves or freedmen. The purely incidental character of the refer- ence in the Epistle indicates that these members of the Emperor's household were known to par- ties in the Church at Philippi, being perhaps originally from that neighborhood in the East. If, therefore, as there is every reason to suppose, this Epistle, as the first of Paul's captivity let- ters, was written early in his imjirisonnient, these Imperial servants were in all probability brought into the Church before Paul's arrival in Rome, having possibly learned the Gospel in Philippi itself. At all events, they were more likely of Grecian than of Latin origin, Greeks and Orientals being especially numerous in Xero's household. The names of some of the Imperial attendants of this period, as recovered from the columbaria, occur in Uie list of saluta- tions in Rom. xvi. Consult: J. B. Lightfoot, Commentary on Philippians, 7th ed. (London, 18S3) : Th. Zahn, Einleitung in das neue Testa- ment, Vol. I., 2d ed. (Leipzig, 1900). CiESIUM, se'zl-um (Lat. ra:sius. bluish- gray). A chemical element discovered spectro- scopically, in 1860, by Bunsen and Kirchhoft". It is found, in very small quantities, in certain mineral waters and in a number of minerals, in- cluding lepidolite, petalite, and certain feld- spars. The only mineral which contains con- siderable quantities of it is the rare mineral pollux, found on the Isle of Elba, this mineral containing as much as 34 per cent, of cipsium oxide. The pre])aration of metallic caesium in- volves the complete separation ,of its compounds from those of the other elements (iron, alumi- nium, the alkaline earths, and especially potas- siimi and rubidium) that may be present in the given source ; further, the transfonnation of the ])ure Civsium compound obtained into the cya- nide, and, finally, the electrolytic decomposition of the cj-anide. The ])ure metal is very similar to potassium, and has a great avidity for oxy- gen, readily taking fire if exposed to tlie air. It is white, with a metallic lustre, has a specific gravity of 1.88, and melts at 27° C. (80.6° F.). Its chemical symbol is Cs; its atomic weight, 132.9. Its spectrum shows two characteristic lines in the blue part. CAETANI, kii'ft-tii'ne, illCHELANGELO, Duke of Sermoneta (1804-82). An Italian student of Dante, born in Rome. He was best known for his coniMientarics on the Divina Conimedia, in- cluding Delia dottrina die si asconde nell' ot- lavo V nuno canto dclV Inferno (1852) ; La ma- teria delta Divina Commedia (1865); and Tre chiose nella Divina Commedia (1876). CAF, kiif, KAF (or more properly, Qaf). The mountain, or range of mountains, which in Arabic and Persian fiction surrounds the earth. The i)ivot on which the mountain rests is a great emerald from which the sky receives its colors,
