CAF. 788 CAGE-BIRDS. and the mountain is the dwelling-place of giants and genii. 'From Kaf to Kaf signifies from one end of the world to the other. The name Kaf is sometimes applied also to the Caucasus range. CAFE PROCOPE, ka'fa' pro'kop'. See Pbo- COPE. C.Ft:. CAFFA, kiif'fa. See I£affa. CAFFARELLI, kaf'fa-rel'le. Gaetano SIa- JOKAXO (1703-83). An Italian vocalist who, when a boy, was. deemed, the first soprano of the age. Ho was highly successful for many years, having uo rival, excepting, possibly, Farinelli. CAFFEINE, kaf-fe'in, THE1NE, or GUA- RANINE, <.'wa'ra-nin' (Brazil) (from Xeo-Lat. Ofi/fe-i, cottee), C,H,„XA + H,0. Au alkaloid found in tea, coffee, and other vegetable products. It is a solid subst^mce, crystallizing in long, flex- ible, colorless needles, which melt at 225° C. It combines with the strong mineral acids to form salts, such as the hydrochloride of caffeine — which are, however, very imstable. Pure cafi'eine is odor- less, has a bitter taste, and is permanent in the air. If its solution in chlorine water is evaporated to drvaiess and the remaining residue redissolved in dilute ammonia water, a beautiful violet-red coloration is obtained. By this reaction the pres- ence of caffeine may be detected in samples sub- mitted for examination. Caffeine may be ex- tracted from the tea bj- treatment with hot water and the subsequent addition of lime; the mixture thus obtained is evaporated to dryness, -and the caffeine is dissolved out of the residue by chloroform. It may be ])repared from coffee by the following process. The coffee is extracted with water: the solution is precipitated with lead acetate and filtered; sulphuretted hydrogen is passed into the filtrate to eliminate the excess of lead acetate added: the solution is then ren- dered more concentrated by evaporation and is neutralized with ammonia ; on cooling, crystals of caffeine separate out, which may be purified by recrystallization from water. The amount of caffeine found in tea and coffee varies with the product — coffee usually contains less than 1 per cent., while amounts varying between 2 and 4 per cent, have been found in different samples of tea. The alkaloid is supposed to exist in these prod- ucts in combination with tannic acid and potas- sium. Caffeine has absolutely no nutritive value. If taken in moderate quantities, it has the effect of increasing the blood-pressure and of stimulat- ing the cerebrum, thus increasing the reasoning power and the imagination: it is even believed to increase the powers of muscular endurance. Larger quantities, however, are liable to cause trembling of the muscles, and toxic doses have the effect of paralyzing the heart. The symp- toms of caffeine-poisoning are buzzing in the ears, flashes of light, a heavy feeling in the head, restlessness, insomnia, a vapid and feeble pulse," coldness of surface, and rise of central temperature. Even moderate quantities of tea and coffee are in some persons liable to cause irregularity of the heart. Therapeutically caf- feine is used to combat certain forms of nervous and cardiac depression, certain headaches and neuralgias, gotit, the insomnia of alcoholism, and opium narcosis. It is also used as a diuretic. Caffeine was discovered in coffee in 1820 and in tea in 1S27 (tlicinc) ; in 1838 Jobst proved the identity of caifeiiie and theine, and in recent years Emil Fischer succeeded in producing the sub- stance artificially. Fischer determined the chemical constitution of caffeine, and showed that it is closely allied to uric acid, as well as to tiic alkaloid theobromine. CAF'FER BREAD. See Kafir Bbead. CAFFRA'RIA. See Kaffbahia. CAF'FRE CAT. See Cat. CAFFRISTAN, kiiffrestan'. See ICafibi- stax. CAFFI, kiiffe, Ippouto (1814-66). An Ital- ian pamtcr. He was born at Bellnno, and stud- ied in enice. He painted many classical scenes and numerous fine frescoes. He met his death on the battle-ship lie d'ltalia during the na- val engagement off Lissa, July 20, 1806. in which he had participated in order to prepare a picture of the conflict. Ho excelled in the production of peculiar light-effects, and in his admirable management of perspective. His principal paintings are the following: '-Carnival Scene on the Piazzetta, Venice" (1855), "Pano- rama of Rome," Isthmus of Suez." CAF'FYN, Kathleen :Mannixgton (? — ). An English novelist, born at Waterloo House, in Tipperary, Ireland. She was trained to become a nurse, married Jlannington Caffyn, a surgeon, and author of the popular novel Miss Jlilne and I (1880), with whom she went out to Sydney, Australia. After her husband's death she took up novel-writing under the pen-name Iota. Her works include: .1 Yclloic Aster (1804) ; Children of Circiimslancesi (1894) : .1 Comed;/ in Spasms (18!)5); A Quaker Grandmother (1896): Poor Max (1898); Anyie Maiileierer (1899); The Minx ( 1900) ; and The Happiness of Jill ( 1901 ) . CAGAYAN, Rio Grande de. See Rio Grande DE Cagayan. CAGAYANE, ka'ga-yii'na. A Jlalayan peo- ple on tlic Rio de Cagayan, northeastern Luzon. Their speech is Ibanag. See Philippines. CAGE-BIRDS. The practice of keeping birds in captivity for the enjoyment of their songs, or for entertainment from their habits, or for admiration of their beauty, dates back so far that we have no knowledge of its origin. It ex- isted among the nations of Asia before the time of Alexander, and it is said that elaborate bird- cages of ivory and gold were among the extrava- gances of Rome. When the islands of the Pacific Ocean were first visited, parrots were found captive among nearly all the tribes, and the na- tives of tropical countries generally capture and keep birds alive about their dwellings. In civi- lized countries at the present time, great num- bers of birds are so kept, and thousands are annually imported into America in addition to many native favorites. Birds are captured for the market both by means of nets and with birdlime, but more commonly the yomig are taken from the nest and artificially reared. JIaiiy cage- birds, however, breed well in captivity, and such species are often reared in great numbers. A notable instance of this is the common canary, which, although a native of the Canary Islands, is bred in Europe, especiaUy in the Harz ^loun- tains, where the raising of fine canary songsters is an important cottage industry. The bird has become considerably modified under these condi- tions, and those reared for cage i)urposes differ markedly from the wild individuals in their native islands. The question of the ethics of
