CAGE-BIRDS. 790 CAGNAT. in a fresh cage, in new surroundings, given rather less food and that of the simplest kind. A drop of castor-oil placed in the bird's mouth by means of a brush often proves beneficial, but tiie chief reliance should be placed on changed surroundings, quiet, and a simple diet. Aviaries are outdoor inclosures in which birds are kept and reared in comparative freedom. They are common in the tropics and in England, but the harsher climate of the United States and other conditions have rendered them less popular here than is desirable. Aviaries, however, are really only large cages, and governed by similar rules. The breeding of cage-birds is a special department, instructions for which will be found in the books mentioned below. See Canaky; Parrot: Bullfinch, and the names of various other cage-birds. Bibliography. Beehstein, Cage and Chamber Birds (London, 1864; a most complete work; colored plates) ; Greene, Notes on Caf/e-Birds (London' 1899; illustrated) ; Dixon, Dovecote and Aviary (London. 1851); Holden, Book on Birds (Boston, 1875) ; Greene, Diseases of Cage- Birds (London, 1897). See Plate of Cage-Birds. CAGLI, kii'lye (anciently, CaUium, Calles of the Sabinians). An episcopal city in central Italy, in the Province of Pesaro e Urbino, on the Bur'ano, 7(i miles west of Ancona by rail (Map: Italy, G 4). The cathedral is beautiful, and the Church of San Domenico contains a Madonna and a PietA by Giovanni Santi, Raphael's father. On a stream at the foot of the hill on which the town is built is an ancient bridge constructed of huge blocks of stone. There are silk-factories here. Population (commune), in 1881, 10,000; in IflOl, 11,927. CAGLI ARI, ka-lya'r6 (anciently, Lat. Cari- li.s) . An arehiepiscopal city of Italy, capital of the Province of Cagliari and of the island of Sardinia, at the southern end of which it is situated. It is on the slope of a steep hill 300 feet high which overlooks the Gulf of Ca- gliari, and is partially surrounded by exten- sive lagoons utilized for the manufacture of salt. The old section of the town, called the Castello, still has its ancient gates, towers, and walls, and contains the principal public buildings and palaces of the nobility. There are thirty- eight churches besides the cathedral, which was completed in 1312 by the Pisans, and has been almost entirely modernized. Below the ancient amphitheatre, which faces the sea and most of the seats of which were hevn out of the living rock, are the botanical gardens, which contain remains of Roman reservoirs and subterranean water- courses. The extensive Necropolis has Punic and Roman tombs hewn out of the rock. A number of Roman private hou.ses have also been excavated. The imiversity, founded in 1596 by Philip III. of Spain, and remodeled in 1764 by Charles Emmanuel of Savoy, has about 250 students, a library of over 70.000 volumes, and excellent mineralogical, paleontological, and zoological col- lections, and in the antiquarian museum there is the most complete and interesting collection of Sardinian antiquities. Cagliari has a street railway, omnibuses, and diligences, is the rail- w-ay centre of Sardinia, is connected with the mainland by submarine cable and by regular .steamboat sen'ice to Genoa, and is the resi- dence of a United States consular agent. There are three theatres, and of the numerous fes- tivals that of Saint Ephisius (May 1-4), when peasants in ijicturcsijue costume conduct the body of the holy man from Cagliari to Nora, is the most famous. The principal manufactures are firearms, powder, cotton goods, hats, and a kind of sweet cake. Ship-building is carried on. The principal exports are grain, flax, wine, cheese, goatskins, and salt; the principal import is lum- ber. Population (commune), in 18S1, 39,000; in 1901, 54,000. Cagliari was founded by the Phcenicians. CAGLIARI, Paolo. See Veronese, Paolo. CAGLIOSTRO, ka-lyO'stro, Alessandro, Count ( 1743-95) . An Italian imjjostor, whose real name was Giuseppe Balsarao. He was born in Palermo, of poor parentage, June 2, 1743. When thirteen years old he ran away from a seminary where he had been placed, and was afterwards sent to a monastery at Cartagiore. Here he became assistant to the apothecary of the monastery, and picked up that scanty knowledge of chemistry and medicine which, in an age at once skeptical and credulous, imposed upon so man_y respectable individuals. He left the monastery or was ejected, and for a time led 'the loosest life' in Palemio. When 26 years old, he found it highly advisable to leave his native place. In company with a certain sage named Althotas, Cagliostro is vaguely represented as traveling in Greece, Egypt, and Asia. In Venice he married a very beautiful woman named Lorenza Feliciana, who became a skillful accomplice in his schemes, and captivated many admirers, while Cagliostro swindled them. In Italy and Germany he posed as a physician, philosopher, alchemist. Free- mason, and necromancer, and did a lively busi- ness in his 'elixir of immortal youth.' He was not so successful in Saint Petersburg at the Court of the shrewd Catharine II. From Saint Petersburg he went to ^'arsaw, where he grew rich on titled dupes in spite of being exposed. In 1780 he was in Strassburg, later in Paris, then in England, and in 1785 again in Paris, where he was lodged in the Bastile for his share in the afl'air of the Diamond Necklace (q.v.). His plausibility secured his libei-ation. and he went to England, but there and elsewhere he found little scope for the continued exercise of his peculiar talents, and he returned to Italy in 1789. He had established a spurious Egyptian Masonic rite, and his continuance in this work in Rome led to his condemnation by the Inquisi- tion. His sentence of death was commuted to life imprisonment, and he died in 1795. His w-ife ended her days in a convent. Bibliography. In Notes and Queries, Fourth Series, Vol. X. (London, 1872), appeared a Ca- gliostro bibliography by William E. A. Axon, who had just written (1871) a series of papers on Cagliostro for the Diihliii Unirersiti/ Maga- zine. Consult: in Thomas Carlyle's Miseellane- ous Essays, "Count Cagliostro;" also. The Life of Count Cagliostro (London, 1787) ; The Life of Joseph Balsamo, Commonly Called Count Ca- gliostro, etc. (London, 1791). Much spurious ma- terial has appeared concerning Cagliostro's life. Such are the so-called M^moires authcntiques (Paris, 1780). CAGNACCI, kii-nya'che. See Canlassi. CAGNAT, ki'nya', RENf: Loiis Victor ( 1852 — ). A French classical archa<ologist, born in Paris. He was appointed professor of Roman
