CAGNAT. 791 CAIAPHAS. epigraphy and antiquities at the College de France in 1895, and is the author of Etude his- toriqtie sur les impots indh-ects ches Ics liomains (1882) ; Explorations cpiifraphiques et archcolo- giques en Tunisie (1883-86); L'armie romaine d'Afrique (1892); Rccherches et dccouvcrtes archeologiques dans I'Afrique du Nord (1892) ; Decouiertcs noucellcs en. Tunisie (1896) ; fours d'cpigrapliie latine, 3d ed. (1898); and various other arohsological and cpigraphical works. CAGNOLA, ka-nyO'la, LuiGi, ^Mabchese ( 1762-1833) . An Italian architect. He was born in ililan of an ancient and wealthy family, and early devoted himself ta architecture. His mas- ter works are two triumphal arches which he built at ililan by order of Xapoleon. The first is the Porta di JIarengo (later known as the Porta di Ticino ) , a work of great beauty, built of Alpine granite. The second is the famous Areo della Pace, begun in 1807, but not finished until 1838. It is constructed of white marble, and is one of the largest and noblest structures of the kind in Europe, reaching the height of 78 feet. On the top of the arch is a bronze figure of Peace, in a car drawn by six horses, while the sides are richly adorned with innumerable bas- reliefs. Besides these may be mentioned the Campanile at Urgnano and the chapel of Santa Marcellina in the basilica of Sant' Ambrogio, Milan. CAGNONI, k.'i-nycyne, Antonio (1828-96). An Italian composer, born at Godiasco, Voghera. He was a pupil of the Milan Conservatory, and afterwards became maestro di cappella at Vigeva- no. His works include much church music com- posed at this time, and about twenty operas of unequal merit, among them Rosalia di Sayi Min- iato (184.5); II testamento di Figaro (1848); and II vriliio della montagna (1863). CAGOT, ka'go', also known as Cagots, Ca- QUEUX, CoLUBERTS, etc. An alien or outcast people living chiefly in the Pyrenees of southern France and extreme northern Spain. Their origin is unknown. They have been thought to be de- scendants of the Visigoths, but are more probably autochthones concentrated in a sterile and rugged land by pressure from more progressive peoples without. Except that they are sedentary, their habits and customs are not unlike those of the gj-psies ( q.v. ) . Before the French Revolution they were regarded as Ishmaelites, and often treated as heretics or lepers, their relations with neighboring peoples atlording a most notable ex- ample of the persistence of primitive race-sense into modern times. Cretinism, goitre, and va- rious deformities and incapacities are exception- ally common among them; by some they are thought to be distinguished by the absence of the lower lobe of the ear; and these peculiarities have aided in liolding contemporaries aloof from tliem. Since 1790 they have been recognized as citizens. Their language is a blend of neighbor- ing tongues with a few peculiar terms and forms. CAGSATJA, kag-sii'wa. A town of Luzon, Philipjiines. in the Province of Albay, situated two miles north of Albay. Population, in 1898, 20,4.50. CAHABA, kahftljA, or CAHAWBA. A river ri.--inK near Birmingham, in .Jefferson Coun- ty, Ala., flowing nearly south through a region rich in coal, and joining the Alabama River at Cahaba, 10 miles southwest of Sclma (Map: Alabama. B 3). The Cahaba is navigable for small craft for nearly 100 miles. CAHAN, ka'han, Abraham (I860—). A Russo-American author, born at Vilna (Russia). He was educated at the Vilna Teachers' Institute, and in 1882 came to the United Suites, where he was for a time editor of two Yiddish publica- tions, a weekly paper and a monthly periodical. His works include Yeke, a Tale of the Xew York Ghetto, generally regarded as the most important fictional study of .Jewish life in America, and another similar book. The Chasm. CAHENS'LYISJI. A name given to a pro- posed plan in ls:i2. attributed to Herr Cahensly, the secretary of the Saint Raphael Society fur the protection of German immigrants to this country, to place the foreign-born Catholic popu- lation, for ecclesiastical purposes, under bishops and priests speaking the same language and of like race. It created much controversy among Roman Catholics, and was vigorously opposed by Cardinal Gibbons and Arclibisliop Ireland. Herr Cahensly. who visited this country in 1892, emphatically denied all connection with the pro- posed plan. CAHORS, ka'or' (anciently, Lat. Cadurcvm, from tlie Celtic tribe Cadurci; earlier Divona, ■the sacred source'). A town of France, capital of the Department of Lot, and seat of a bishopric, situated on a small, rocky peninsula, formed by a bend of the river Lot — here crossed by three bridges — about 60 miles north of Toulouse (Map: France, H 7). It consists of the upper and lower city, and among its antiquities are the fine Romanesque cathedral, the ruins of a Roman temple and aqueduct, and tower of the ancient royal palace (Fourteenth Century). There is also a monument of Fenelon, who studied at Cahors, also statues of Gambetta, who was born at Cahors, and of Clement Marot. Among the institutions are a library of 13,000 volumes, a girls' school, and a museum. It has manufac- tures of cotton-yam, woolens, leather, paper, glass, etc. ; the district produces a famous red wine which bears its name. Population, in 1896, 14,502. CAIAPHAS, kii'ya-fas. A high priest of the •Jews, appointed by the Roman procurator, Va- lerius Gratus, in the reign of Tiberius Cip.sar, at the beginning of Christ's ministry. He was in office at the time of the trial and crucifixion of Jesus, but was removed by Vitellus a.d. 37 (Josephus, Antiq. xviii. 2, 2; 4, 3.) His wife was the daughter of Annas, a former high priest (A.D 7-14). The chief priests were at this time largely Sadducees, and it is to be noted that in the trial of .Jesus and sub.sequent persecution of the .pastles they were more prominent than the Pharisees. In a general council summoned to take action upon the spread of the doctrines of Jesus. Caiaphas was decidedly in favor of putting him to death, using this language: "Ye know nothing at all; nor do ye take account that it is expedient for you that one man should die for the people, and that the whole nation perish not." (.John xi. .50; .John says he "prophesied,' verse 51 ; cf. xviii. 14.) Christ was arraigned in the court of the high priest, and when the ellort to convict him through the testimony of wit- nesses who are designated by Matthew (xxvi. 60) and Mark (xiv. 56-57) as false, failed, the pris- oner was called as a witness and asked if he was
