COLONNA. 162 COLONNA. was preceptor to Pliilip the Fair. He became general of the Order in 1202, and in 1296 was made Archbishop of Boiirges. He was the author of a political treatise entitled De licgimine Principum, dedicated to Philip the Fair, and noteworthy for its systematic treatment of the art of war. He died in Avignon in 1311) and was buried at Paris. Of his works, which are marked by a good deal of dull erudition, part have re- niained unpublished. — L. dolfo Colonna was a canon of Chartres in the first half of the four- teenth century. There are attributed to him a manual of history from the creation to the ponti- ficate of .John XXII.. a history of the Popes, and a Latin work, De Statu ct Mutatione Rotnani Im- perii. — SciARRA Colonn.Al was a bitter enemy of Pope Boniface VIII. War broke out between the two in 1297 over the possession of Palestrina. Sciarra was excommunicated and deprived of all his honors, and after the destruction of Palestrina by the Papal forces in 1298 was compelled to flee to France. He gained the favor of Philip the Fair, and, returning in the company of the French Chancellor Xogaret in 1303, resumed hos- tilities with the Pope, and on September 7th took the aged pontifi' prisoner at Anagni. (See Boni- face VIII.). He became Senator of Rome in 1313. He embraced the cause of Louis the Bava- rian, whom he crowned Emperor in Saint Peter's in 1328. but on the latter's departure was forced to flee from Rome. He died in exile in 1329. — Stefano Colonna, brother of Sciarra, was made Governor of Bologna in 1289. Involved in the struggle against Boniface VIII., he fled to France at about the same time as his brother. He re- turned after the death of Boniface and assumed a leading part in Roman politics, acting in oppo- sition to Rienzi (q.v.), vi'ho drove him from the city in 1347. Stefano was a friend of Petrarch, who speaks of him in the Trionfo della faina and in bis sonnets. — Giovanni Colonna led an in- surrection against Boniface IX. in 1404. and after the election of Innocence VII. joined forces with I^adislaus of Naples, driving the Pope from the city in 1413. He was killed in 1417. — Ottone or Oddone Colonna was Pojje from 1417 to 1431. See Martin V. — Fabrizio Colonna joined Charles VIII. of France in the invasion of Naples in 1494. but soon went over to the enemy and was made Grand Constable of Naples. He de- fended Capua against the forces of Louis XII. and took part in the battle of the Garigliano (1.503). In the Holy League against France be was com- mander of the Papal forces, and, with his Span- ish allies, was defeated by Gaston de Foix at Ravenna in 1512. He died in 1520. His mili- tary talents are lauded by Jlachiavelli in his Arte delta guerra and by Ariosto in the Orlando. His daughter was Vittoria Colonna. (See Colonna, Vittoria.) — PoMPEO Colonna, one of the ablest generals of his time, fought under Gonsalvo de Cordova against the French. In 1513 he de- feated the Venetian General Alviano in the neigh- borhood of Vicenza. He took IMilan from the French in 1521, and in the following year gained the victorv of La Bicocca over Marshal Lautrec, and captured Genoa. In 1523 he held Milan against the French, but was struck down by dis- ease, and died toward the end of the year of fast living. — Another Pompeo fought in the wars of the great Cordova, distinguishing himself at Cerignola (1502) and the Garigliano (1503). He entered the Chinh after the death of Alexander VI., and in 1517 was made Cardinal. He took an especially active part in political affairs dur- ing the pontificate of Clement VII.. whose enemy he was. He was made Viceroy of Naples in 1530, and died suddenly June 23, 1532. — A.scanio Co- lonna, the son of Fabrizio, shared the family hatred for Clement Vll. With the support of the Spaniards he stormed Rome September 20, 1520, and sacked Saint I'oter's and the Vatican. Entering the service of Charles V. he was made Grand Constable of Naples, but toward the end of his life fell into disgrace. He died in prison in 1557. — Mabc Antonio Colonna was exiled from Rome by Pius IV. and entered the military service of Spain, whose forces he successfully commanded against the Papal States in 1556. He was thereupon recalled and commanded the Papal galleys in the battle of Le])anto, October 7, 1571. He was made Viceroy of Sicily, and died in 1584. — Fabio Colo.nna, born at Naples in 1567, was a botanist of some eminence. He was the author of Storia naivrale del Messico, a work based on that of Hernandez. He died in 1651. Consult: Cirocco, ^'itc de alcuni cardinali de casa f'otonmi (Foligno, 1635) ; Agostino, Sto- ria de casa Colonna (Foligno, 1608) ; Coppi, Me- morie Colonnesi (Rome, 1855) ; Gregorovius, The Histori/ of the City of Home in the Middle Ages (London, 1895-1900). COLONNA, Giovanni P.olo (1640-95). An eminent Italian composer. He was a pupil, in Rome, of Carissimi, Benevoli, and Abbatini, be- came chapel-master of San Petronio in Bologna, and was repeatedly president of the Accademia Filarmonica there. One of the most distin- guished Church composers of the seventeenth century, he is remembered as the head of the Bolognese School, which produced many famous musicians. His best works for the Church, in- cluding masses, psalms, litanies, motets, etc., for from three to eight voices, were published in twelve collections (1681-94). He also pro- duced the oratorio La profezia d'Eliseo (1688),
- ind an opera .imilcare (1693).
COLONNA, Vittoria (1490-1547). An Ital- ian poet. She was the daughter of Fabrizio Colonna, the Grand Constable of Naples, and was born in the Castle of Marino near Rome. Her youth was passed among the greatest literary spirits of Italy, and from them she gathered a love of learning, and in that atmosphere com- posed her first poems. At seventeen she married Francesco Ferrante d'Avalos, Marquis of Pes- cara, to whom she had been betrothed since childhood. He became a favorite general of Charles V., and her verses until his death, hich occurred from wounds received at the battle of Pavia (1525), are concerned with his repeated absences, and finally with her grief at his loss. The beginning of her friendship with Michelangelo probably came about this time : certainly it was not until her widowhood that their relations became such as to have immortal- ized her in Angelo's unpolished, powerful son- nets. Just what the relationship was is a deflated question. Only a few of her letters to him remain, and those are never lover-like. "IMagnificent master," she calls him in one of them, and in another, thanking him for a picture of the Descent from the Cross, she says: "I re- joice greatly that the angel on the right is so beautiful, because it seems to me that it i»
