in favor of the United States. Parties of prospectors and emigrants from Georgia and Kansas entered Colorado in 1858. In 1859 the discovery of gold near Boulder and Idaho Springs was followed by a large immigration and the sudden rise of the mining towns of Denver and Boulder. After sending representatives to the Legislature of Kansas, ‘Arapahoe County,’ as the region was then called, together with lands taken from Nebraska and New Mexico, was organized into the Territory of Colorado on February 28, 1861. From 1864 to 1870 wars were carried on with the Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians. The Utes ceded the mountain and park regions between 1863 and 1880. In 1864 and 1868 unsuccessful attempts at organizing a State Government were made. The final enabling act was passed by Congress on March 3, 1875, and on August 1, 1876, Colorado, the Centennial State, was admitted into the Union. Gold-digging was on the decline in 1878, and many mining towns were being deserted, when it was discovered that from the masses of carbonates thrown aside by the gold-seekers, silver and lead might be extracted. Immigrants flocked to Leadville, and soon the value of the lead and silver output came to be many times that of the yield of gold. As a result, the people of the State, in 1892, declared enthusiastically for the free coinage of silver at the ratio of 16 to 1. Serious strikes broke out among the miners in 1894 and 1896-97, and recourse was had to military force to restore order. From 1876 to 1888 Colorado was Republican in national politics, but in the three Presidential elections after 1888 the silver interests of the State made it decidedly Democratic. In 1896 and 1900 especially, the Democrats, Populists, and Silver Republicans, in fusion, controlled a large proportion of votes in the State.
| Territorial Governors | ||
| William Gilpin | 1861—1862 | |
| John Evans | 1862—1865 | |
| Alexander Cummings | 1865—1867 | |
| A. C. Hunt | 1867—1869 | |
| Edward McCook | 1869—1871 | |
| Samuel H. Elbert | 1873—1874 | |
| Edward McCook | 1874—1875 | |
| John L. Routt | 1875—1876 | |
| State Governors | ||
| John L. Routt | Republican | 1876—1879 |
| Frederick W. Pitkin | “ | 1879—1883 |
| James B. Grant | Democrat | 1883—1885 |
| Benjamin H. Eaton | Republican | 1885—1887 |
| Alva Adams | Democrat | 1887—1889 |
| Job A. Cooper | Republican | 1889—1891 |
| John L. Routt | “ | 1891—1893 |
| David A. Waite | Populist and Democrat | 1893—1895 |
| Albert W. McIntire | Republican | 1895—1897 |
| Alva Adams | Dem. and Silver Rep. | 1897—1899 |
| Charles S. Thomas | Dem., Pop. and Silver Rep. | 1899—1901 |
| James B. Orman | “““““ | 1901—1903 |
Consult: Bancroft, History of the Pacific States, vol. xx. (San Francisco, 1890); Hayes, New Colorado and the Santa Fé Trail (New York, 1880); Pabor, Colorado as an Agricultural State (ib. 1883); Fossett, Colorado: Its Gold and Silver Mines, etc. (ib. 1880); The Resources, Wealth, and Industrial Development of Colorado (Denver, 1883).
COLORADO. A town and the county-seat of Mitchell County, Tex., 245 miles west by south of Dallas, on the Colorado River and on the Texas and Pacific Railroad (Map: Texas, D 3). It is the commercial centre of an agricultural and stock-raising region, with a considerable trade in cattle and hides, and has also extensive salt-works. Population, about 2000.
COLORADO, Sp. pron. kō′lṓ-rä′Do. A name given by the Spaniards to various unrelated tribes in different parts of Spanish America, including Texas, owing to their custom of painting the body with red pigment. Of the tribes thus known, one of the most noted was that of the Sacchas, ‘men,’ as they call themselves, of whom a few still survive in the upper valleys of the Daule and Chones rivers, in northwestern Ecuador. They go naked, and are naturally light-skinned, almost blond, but paint their whole bodies with a red paint. They belong to the Barbacoan stock.
COLORADO, University of. An institution of higher learning, situated at Boulder, Colo. It was incorporated by the Territorial Legislature in 1861, and in 1876 the Constitution of Colorado provided for its erection as a State university. At the formal opening of the institution, in 1877, it consisted of the college and a preparatory department. The Medical School was organized in 1883, the Law School in 1892, and the School of Applied Sciences in 1893. In 1902 the University of Colorado comprised the following colleges and departments: (1) The College of Liberal Arts, offering courses leading to the degrees of B.A., Ph.B., and B.S.; (2) the Graduate Department, conferring the degrees of M.A., M.S., and Ph.D.; (3) the Colorado School of Applied Science, conferring the degree of B.S. in civil, electrical, and mechanical engineering; (4) the School of Medicine, conferring the degree of M.D.; and (5) the School of Law, conferring the degree of LL.B. Women are admitted to the university on equal terms with men. The university library contains 25,000 volumes, besides pamphlets. The total registration in 1901-02 was 510, excluding the preparatory department. The university is maintained by a direct State tax, and its government is vested in a State board of regents.
COLORADO COLLEGE. An institution of higher education, founded in 1874 and situated at Colorado Springs, Colo. The college offers courses leading to the bachelor's degree in arts, science, and philosophy, and has an attendance of 650 students. There are also connected with the college a preparatory school and a conservatory of music, and a department of fine arts. The buildings include Palmer Hall, the library building, and a science building, erected, with its equipment, at a cost of $350,000. The library numbers about 35,000 volumes. The institution has an endowment of $450,000.
COLORADO DESERT. An arid region of southern California (Map: California, F 5). It extends from the eastern base of the coast ranges of San Diego County eastward to the Colorado River, and embraces the Coahuila Valley, which extends toward the northwest between the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains. A considerable portion of the desert, including part of the Coahuila Valley, is below sea-level. At some prehistoric period part of this region was included in the Gulf of California, from which it was separated by the growth of the delta of the Colorado River. Later it formed the basin of a fresh-water lake, and in recent times a considerable portion of the area has been flooded from the river, so as to produce a temporary
