thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.
Article XIII., Sec. 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Article XIV., Sec. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Sec. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportions which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
Sec. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or Elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.
Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void.
Sec. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
Article XV., Sec. 1. The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Sec. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
CONSTITUTIONS, Apostolical. See Apostolic Constitutions and Canons.
CONSTITUTIONS OF CLARENDON. See Clarendon, Constitutions of.
CONSTRUCTION (Lat. constructio, from construere, to construct, from com-, together + struere, to heap). In geometry, the process of drawing a figure so as to satisfy the conditions of the given problem. Thus, to construct an equilateral triangle of side a: with each end of a as a centre and with a as a radius, describe a circle; connect either intersection with the ends of a. Here the construction is not unique, since two triangles satisfy the condition. In solving problems a valuable method is to assume the construction and investigate the properties of the figure. Thus, to draw a line through a given point parallel to a given line: assuming the construction and a transversal of the parallels through the given point, it appears that the alternate angles are equal; hence, to construct the figure, draw a line through the point cutting the given line and construct the alternate angle.
Another fruitful method is that of the intersection of loci; e.g. if it is known that a point is on each of two intersecting straight lines, it is uniquely determined at their point of intersection; but if it is on a straight line and a circumference which the line intersects, it may be either of the two points of intersection.
The best works upon the constructions of elementary geometry are Petersen, Methods and Theories (Copenhagen and London, 1879); Rouché and de Comberousse, Traité de géométrie (Paris, 1900); and Alexandroff, Problèmes de géométrie élémentaire, translated into French by Aitoff (Paris, 1899). Consult also Beman and Smith, New Plane and Solid Geometry (Boston, 1899).
CONSUELO, kō̇n-swā′lō̇. A famous novel by George Sand (1842) and the name of its chief character, a little Spanish girl abandoned in Italy, whose voice attracts the old maestro Porpora. Through him she is presented to Count Zustiniani, and the latter, after her successful début on the stage, falls in love with her, but is repulsed. When her early lover Angoletto forgets her she is sent by Porpora to the home of a German family in Bohemia. Her entrance into this household prepares the way for the sequel, La Comtesse de Rudolstadt.
CON′SUL (Lat., OL. consol, probably from consulere, to consult; less plausibly from con-, with + salire, to leap). The title given to the two chief magistrates established in Rome on the expulsion of the kings in B.C. 509. So violent was the hatred of the monarchy that the Romans were unwilling to intrust the new Republic to a single executive, but gave the entire administration to two consuls, of equal rank and jurisdiction, that each might check, if need were, any tyranny on the part of the other. At first the entire power of the King, in State and Church, at Rome and abroad, was vested in the two consuls, and each was wholly responsible for the acts of both; but gradually their powers were limited and many of their functions were given to other officials. They held office for one year only, and years were reckoned by their names. In the early days of
