CLEVELAND. 29 CLEVELAND. piers, built out 1500 feet into the lake, form a channel 200 feet wide and 21 feet deep at the mouth of the Cuyaliofia ; and the many windings of the latter afford 10 miles of river-frontage, over five of which are docked. A branch of the Cuyahoga flowing westward, not far from the lake, and parallel with it, lias been dredged so as to afTord room for excellent sliip-yards and docks. In 187.S the United States (iovcrnnient began a breakwater to inclose a harbor of ref- uge 300 acres in extent, with an opening of 500 feet, opposite the mouth of the river. Later plans and appropriations, however, provide for an opening of TOO feet and a breakwater 4 miles in length, inclosing a harbor of 800 acres; over 2 miles of breakwater have been completed at a cost of $3,200,000, and the remaining 2 miles, now under contract, will cost about .$2,000,000. The harbor is being dredged to 2.5 feet. In the number of tons of freight received and shipped by vessel. Cleveland ranks fourth among the ports of the Great Lakes. Cleveland is on nine railways, some of which are the leading trunk- lines of the country: the Lake Shore and llichi- gan Southern : the New York, Chicago and vSaint Louis; and the Pennsylvania. Cleveland is now the second largest manufac- turing centre on the Great Lakes and is rapidly gaining on Cincinnati, its only rival within the State. During the decade 1800-1000. the value of its product increased from $113,240,000 to $139,840,000, or 23.,5 per cent. In the latter year there were emploj'cd 58,800 wage-earners. As above intimated, the most important group of manufactures consists of iron and steel, and the large number of industries which depend upon iron and steel as their raw material. Ac- cording to the census of 1900, the iron and steel products were valued at $24,270,000, and the foundry and machine-shop products ranked sec- ond w^ith a product estimated at $15,428,000. Other important industries are the production of wire and wire nails, in which Cleveland out- ranks all other American cities, and hardware, in which it takes second place; bridges, electrical apparatus and supplies, car-wheels, printing- presses, sewing-machines, bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets. Another industry of this group is shipbuilding. From an early date Cleveland led in the construction of wooden vessels for the lake traffic, and. with the change from wood to iron, has continued in the le;id, producing to-day more steel merchant vessels than any other American city. The chief industries which de- pend upon agricultural resources are slaughter- ing and meat-packing, and the manufacture of malt liquors, the former exceeding a value of $7,500,000 and the latter $4,000,000. according to the census of 1000. The Standard Oil Company has here one of its principal refining establish- ments. Cabinet works and clothing- factories are important. Cleveland makes more paint than any other city in the world. Government. Finance, etc. A new charter was obtained in 1891, in which the distinction between executive and legislative functions was clearly drawn, the new plan being known as the Federal System. But a new municipal code was enacted by the Ohio Legislature October 22. 1902. It provides for a City Council of 32 members. The Mayor, the Vice-Mayor (who is president of the Council and has the deciding vote), the three members of the Board of Public Service, the solicitor, and the treasurer are elected bien- nially by the people. The Board of Public Safety of two members is ap])ointed by the .Mayor, sub- ject to the approval of two-*'iirds of the Council. The School Council of 7 members (who elect the director of schools and the superintendent), and the city auditor, police judge, and the clerk of police court are elected by the people. Firemen and policemen arc under livil service regulations. In 1900 the total in<le,btcdness amounted to $15,258,295, for which a sinking-fun<l provided $2,575,035. The net per capita <lcbt was $37.52. The total tax-rate is $30 per $1000, (if which $10.20 is for .school purposes, $13 for city pur- poses, $3.90 for county, and $2.90 for' State purposes. The total actual income for 1900 was $5,077,400, of which the property tax was $3,504,000. The total expenditiires for mainte- nance ancl operation were .$5,970,000, and for construction and other capital outlay. $4,332,000. The ample water-sup])ly formerly was pumped into reservoirs from two tunnels sunk 90 feet deep, and running out for one and one-half miles to a crib on the lake bottom. A new crib and tunnel have recently been constructed, the crib four miles from shore. Tha^works were origi- nally constructed and are still owned and oper- ated by the citj'. PopuL.^TiON. Cleveland rose during the decade 1890-1900 from tenth to seventh rank among the cities of the t'nited States, and is now the third largest city west of the Alleghanies, and the sec- ond largest of the Great Lakes cities. The fol- lowing gives her population bv decades: in 1830, 1076; in 1840, 6071; in 1850. 17,034; in 1800. 43.419; in 1870, 92,829; in 1880, 100.146; in 1890, 261,353; in 1900, 381,768. There are few negroes, liut many foieigners, the foreign-born in 1900 numbering 124.000, or nearly one-thii'd of the total. Among the foreign-born the CJer- mans are predominant, constituting in 1890 about 41 per cent., as against 13 per cent, for the Irish, and 11 per cent, each for the Bohemians and English. The native whites of foreign par- ents numbered 163.500. Thus, the native whites of native parents and the negroes together constitute less than one-fourth of the total. Hlstort. In 1795 the Connecticut Land Com- pany bought from Connecticut a large part of that State's Western Reserve (q.v.), and in the following year sent out a party under Gen. Moses Cleaveland to survey their purchase. Cleave- land selected the mouth of the Cuyahoga as the site for a settlement, and in .luly, 1790. laid out on the east bank a village, which took his name, though the spelling was changed in 1831 to meet the exigencies of a newspaper editor's head-lines. In 1800, by act of Congress, the Western Reserve was included for administrative purposes in the Northwest Territory, and Trumbull County was erected to include the land about the mouth of the Cuyahoga. Of this. Cleveland, then having a population of about 57, became the county- seat in 1809. In 1814, Trumbull County having pi-eviously been subdivided, the village of Cleave- land, in the county of Cuyahoga, was incorpo- rated with a population of less than 100. In 1818 the first newspaper. The Clcrcliind Gazette find Commerci/il Register, began publication, and in 1827 the Ohio Canal, which five years later was completed to the Ohio, was opened between Cleveland and Akron, giving such an impetus to the former that her population increased tenfold
