CLEVELAND. (from flOO to fif)00) between 1825 and 1835. In 183U Cleveland was chaiteied as a city. In the early fifties it was first connected by rail with the East and with the other cities in Ohio, and from this period dates its marvelously rapid growth. In 1853 Ohio City, which !iad been founded in 1817, and for many years had been a great rival, was united to Cleveland. During the Civil War a number of manufacturing estab- lisliments were set u]) here, and in the interval 1861-05. owing to its ability to supply articles for which there was then an extraordinary de- mand. Cleveland attracted many investors; its lake traffic was doubled, and its population in- creased 50 per cent. In 1872 it annexed East Cleveland, in 1873 Newburg, and in 1893 West Cleveland and Brooklyn. Consult: Robison, History of the City of Cleve- land (Cleveland, 18s'7) ; Avery, Cleveland in a Nutshell (Cleveland, 1893) ; Howe, Historical Collections of Ohio (Columbus, 1889-91); Ken- nedy. History of Cleveland (Cleveland, 1896). CLEVELAND. A city and the county-seat of Bradley County, Tenn., 30 miles east by north of Chattanooga; on the Southern Railroad ( Map: Tennessee. Go). It is the seat of the Centenary Female College. The city is in a fertile agri- cultural district, has considerable trade, and contains woolen-mills, flour-mills, stove-works, a chair-factory, etc. Settled al)0ut 1820. Cleveland was incorporated about 18S0. The government is administered under a revised charter of 1898, which provides for a mayor, bienniallj' elected, and a municipal council. Population, in 1890, 2863: in 1900, 3858. CLEVELAND, Ciiaw.es Dexter (1802-69). An American educator, born in Massachusetts. He graduated at Dartmoiith in 1827, and was professor of Latin and Greek in Dickin.son Col- lege, and of Latin in the University of the City of New York. From 1801 to 1867 he was United States consul at Cardiff. Wales. He was a volu- minous writer, but will be remembered only for his compendiums of English Literature (1850), American Literature (1858), and Classical Lit- erature (1861) ; Lnf/lish Literature in the Nine- teenth Cetitun/ (1851): an edition of Milton's Poetical Works, with a Life (1851). CLEVELAND, .John (1613-58). An English CavaliiT poet. He was born at Loughborough, Leicester, and educated at Cambridge, where, in 1634, he became a fellow of Saint John's, Six years later he strenuously opposed Cromwell, and in consequence lost his fellowship in 1645. Joining the Royalists, he was appointed judge- advocate in the King's army. In 1655 he was seized at Norwich and imprisoned at Yarmouth for three months, when he was released by Crom- well. After that he lived in retirement. Cleve- land had a great reputation as a wit and satirist. A volume of his poems in circulation before 1656 was reissued in that year. In 1677 appeared his collection entitled Clievelandi Vindicia-: or Clieveland's Gennine Poems, etc. It is incom- plete. Cleveland still awaits a competent editor. Thomas Fuller describes him as "a general artist, pure Latinist, exquisite orator, and eminent poet." CLEVELAND, (Stephen) Grover (1837—). The twenty-second and twenty-fourth President of the United States. He was born at Caldwell, Essex County, N. J., March 18, 1837. In 1841 30 CLEVELAND. his father, the Rev. Richard F. Cleveland (Yale, 1824), a Presbj'lerian minister, removed with his family to Fayetteville, near Syracuse, N. Y., and afterwards to Clinton, N. Y., in the schools of which places Grover' Cleveland was a scholar. The death of his father in 1853 obliged him to earn his own living, and the first position that he held was that of a teacher in the New York Institution for the Blind. A little later he started for Cleveland, Ohio, where lie expected to study and practice law. While passing through Buffalo, however, he was induced to re- uui in there by his uncle, Lewis F. Allen, who secured for him a position with a prominent law firm. He was admitted to practice in 1859 : became assistant district attorney for Erie County in 1863; was the Democratic candidate for disti'ict attorney in 1865, but was defeated at the polls; and in 1870 was elected sheriff" of the eoimty. At the conclusion of his term of office of three years, he resumed the practice of law, with marked suc- cess. In November, 1881, he was nominated as Democratic candidate for ilayor of Buffalo. The city was strongly Republican, but long-continued tenure of office had engendered flagrant corrup- tion, and good men of all parties joined to up- root it. Cleveland, being elected by a handsome majority, reorganized the departments under liis charge on business principles, overcame corrupt coudiinations, and promptly vetoed all measures that savored of extravagance or dishonesty. His notable service in that oflice was recognized in 1882. when he received the Democratic nomina- tion for Governor of New Y'ork. His opponent was Charles J. Folger (q.v. ), then Secretary of the Treasury under President Arthur. The Re- ]niblican Party in the State 'as divided, and among the independent voters there was strong dissatisfaction with the methods that had se- cured Mr. Folger's nomination. Mr. Cleveland's reputation as a refonner was strongly in his favor, and he was elected by the extraordinary plurality of 192.854. His conduct as Governor ' was marked by integrity, independence, and good judgment, and he was early spoken of as a candi- date for the Presidency. At the Democratic Na- tional Convention, July, 1884, he was the leading candidate on the first ballot, and in spite of a zealous minority of delegates from his own State, secured the necessary two-thirds of all the votes on the second ballot. A large body of Independ- ent Republicans declared themselves in his fa- vor; but the accession of this new- element was partly offset by the defection of many Democrats. Cleveland received 219 electoral votes against 182 for his opponent, .James G. Blaine. Besides the Southern States, he carried Connecticut, New Y'ork, "New Jersey, and Indiana. He was inaugu- rated March 4, 1885. On .Tune 2 of the following year he married !Miss Frances Folsom. His term was characterized mainly by his bold advocacy of a reduction of tariff' duties, and by liis opposi- tion to what he considered vmworthy liills. Dur- ing his term he vetoed or 'pocketed' 413 bills, 297 of <hieh were private pension bills. During the first session of Congress he directly antagonized the Senate by refusing to give to that body his reasons for removing certain officers, or to de- liver up the papers ordering sich removals; on the ground that, under the Constitution, the President is not amenable to Congress for such acts, and that the papers were not oflicial docu- ments. His supporters maintain that, considering
