CLEVELAND. the immense difficulties surrounding sueli an in- dertaking, his civil-service rofonn pledges were ciirricil out as consistently as ]iossil>lc. He was renominaied for the Presidency at Saint Louis, June 7, KSSS, but was defeated, receiving only 168 electoral votes to Harrison's 2:i.'5, though his popular vote exceeded by more than 100,000 that of his opponent. On the expiration of his term of office he resumed in New York City the practice of law, but still kept in touch with the political interests of liis party. At the National Democratic Convention of .Tune, 1892, although opposed by the delegation from his own State, he was nominated for the Presidency on the tirst ballot, and in Xovember was elected, receiving 277 electoral votes against 145 for Harrison (Re- publican) and 22 for Weaver (Populist). Dur- ing his second term, in the face of the violent opposition of the mass of his own party, he ex- erted himself unllinchingly for the maintenance of the gold standard. To tliis end he called an extra session of Congress in the summer of IS!)3, and secured the repeal of the Sherman Act of 1890, requiring the Government to make large purchases of silver bullion. He maintained the gold reserve by successive issues of Government bonds. When'the Democratic majority of Con- gress passed a tariff' act. he allowed it to become a law without his signature, considering it inade- quate in many of its provisions. During the great railroad strike at Chicago in 1894 he or- dered out the United States troops to "prevent the obstruction of the mails," although Governor Altgeld, of Illinois, who had not asked for the troops, protested vigorously against the meas- ure. In the domain of foreign affairs, IMr. Cleve- land's second administration was signalized by his withdrawal from the Senate of the Hawaiian Annexation Treaty negotiated by President Har- rison : tlio upholding and advancement of the Monroe Doctrine liy liis vigorous and successful insistence upon the submission to arbitration of the long-standing boundary dispute between Great Britain and 'i^enezuela ; and the promul- gation of the Bering Sea arbitration award. In consequence mainly of Mr. Cleveland's position on the currency question, his administration was not indorsed by the Democratic National Conven- tion of 189i5. " In the ensuing Presidential cam- paign he supported General Palmer, the candi- date of the Sound-Money Democrats. Since his retirement he has lived at Princeton, N. .J. He has of late delivered, at Princeton Univer- sity, two lectures annually on questions of ])ub- lie policy, which have been printed. Consult: Whittle," Grover Cleveland (London and New York, 189(5) ; and an appreciation in Peck, The Personal Equation (New Y'ork, 1897). CLE'VENGER, SiiOBAL Vail (1812-4.3). An American sculptor, born at Jliddletown, Ohio. He first became known through his work as a stone- carver in Cincinnati, and afterwards opened a studio in New Y'ork. He executed busts of Claj', Webster, Van Bureu, Allston, Everett, and others. His portrait bust of Webster has been used on a United States postage-stamp, and is considered the best likeness of that statesman. He realized his own deficiencies in artistic education, and took advantage of an op|)ort>mity to go to Rome in 1840. While there he produced his "North American Indian." which is characterized hy the sincere, bold treatment and skill in handling his material shown in all Clevenger's work. But for 31 CLICK- BEETLE. liis early death, which occurred while he was on his way home, lie would probably have attained high rank in liis profession. CLEVES, klevz (Dutch Klcefs, Ger. Kleve, Ft. VlivcK). A German town of Dutch origin, and former ca])ital of a duchy of the same name, situatc'd in the Rhine Province of Prussia, about five miles from the frontier of the Netherlands (Map: Prussia, B 3). It is built on three hills, and has still retained some of its Dutch eharac- tei-isties. It contains an old jialace, the former abode of the Dukes of Cleves, now used as a law- court and prison ; an old Rathaus, w'ith a num- ber of antiquities and ]iai)itings; and an old Catholic church, built in Gothic style, and con- taining the tombs of the counts of Cleves. In the vicinity of the town are situated chalybeate springs. Cleves is frequented as a summer resort by the Dutcli. Population, in 1890, 10,409: in 1900, 14,084. The Duchy of Cleves, which arose in the Middle Ages, and which at the time of the Reformation was united with the duchies of Jii- lich and Berg, passed in the seventeenth c«itury into the possession of Brandenburg. It was wrested from Prussia in the course of the Na- poleonic wars, but restoretf' in 1815. CLEW. See Sails. CLEWS, Hekky . (1830— ). An American banker, born in Staff'ordshire, England. He en- tered mercantile pursuits in New Y'ork City in 1845, became a member of various firms, and in 1877 organized the firm of Henry Clews and Com- pany. He was a founder of the LTnion League Club, New Y'ork City, and also long treasurer of the American Geograpliical Society and of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. He has published Tiventy-eiyht Years in Wall iHreet (1888), and The Wall Street Point of View (1900). CLICHE, kle'sha' (Fr., stereotyped). An electrotype plate, the iiiqiression of a die in a mass of fusible metal. . It is employed by medal- ists .and die-sinkers to make proofs of their work, and in order to judge the stage of their W'ork' before the die is hardened. The term is also applied to any stereotype plate used in modern reproductive processes, such as photo- graphic proofs on glass, either positives or negatives. CLICHY, or CLICHY - LA - GARENNE, kle'shc'la-L'a'ren'. A imrtliwestern suburb of Paris, France. Population, in 1901, 39,291. CLICK-BEETLE. A beetle of the family Klateridfp, also known as elater, snapping-bug, and skip-jack, on account of its acrobatic per- formances. When disturbed these beetles curl up their legs and fall to the gromid. where they lie rigid on their backs for some moments, and then begin a scries of springs into the air. accom- panied by a clicking sound. When the beetle suc- ceeds in landing on its feet, it runs oft'. In re- gard to the springing, Le Conte says: "This is ert'ected by extending the prothorax so as to bring the prosternal spine to the anterior part of the mesosternal cavity; then, suddenly relaxing the muscles, so that the spine descends violently into the cavity, the force given by this sudden move- ment causes the base of the elytra to strike the supporting surface, and by their elasticity the whole body is propelled upward." The larv:e, known as ireworms, are hard, brownish-yellow,
