CLICK-BEETLE. and may live several years before gaining ma- turity. Jlost of them are found under bark and in rotten wood, but some live on the ground on the roots of grass, Indian com, and other grains, as well as on those of certain vegetables. 'hen numerous enough they may do consider- able damage. Fall plowing is said to be the most eft'ective remedy against them. Of the 7000 described si)ecies of elaters 500 occur in North America. The most conspicuous click-beetle found in the United States is the eyedelater (Alans ocuhiliis) , a grayish black beetle with two laige black eye-like spots on the prothorax; its larvie live in rotting stumps. In the tropics of America there are luminous species belonging to the genus Pyrophorus. as the cucuyo (Pyro- plionis noctUucus) and others. Bibliography. De C'andeze, iloitogruphie des eliiterides (4 volumes and 3 supplements. Li&ge, 1857-1881) : Le Conte, "Revision of the Elateri- dae of the United States," in Truiisuctions of PhUosopkicdl i<ociety, vol. x. (Philadelphia, 1853) ; Horn. Papers in Transactions American EntomolorjiciiJ iincietii, vols. xii.. xiii.. xviii. (Philadelpliia. 18S.5, '86, '91). See Firefly. CLI'DOMAN'CY. ' See Superstition. CLIENT (Lat. cliens, clttens, hearer, from cluert, Gk. kKwiv, Idyein, Skt. sru, to hear; con- nected ultimately with AS. hind, Engl. loud). In law, one wlio consults or retains an attorney or counselor-at-law for advice, or to prosecute, manage, or defend an action at law, or to repre- sent him in any proceedings or business matters. The client's relations with the attorney are in the highest degree confidential, and the client is protected by the most stringent rules of law in making disclosures of his private affairs to his legal adviser. See Attorxey"; Privileged Com- MUNIC^TIOX. CLIFF (AS. clif, Icel., OS., Dutch klif. from Ice!, llifij. MF.. cliven, to climb). A precipitous slope of the land surface. Cliffs may be formed in three ways: (1) by the erosive action of water: (2) by the disintegrating influence of rain, frosts, and the atmosphere, or weathering: (3) by dislocations of the earth's crust. On rocky coasts cliff's are carved out by the force of waves, which beat against the shoreline, and by weathering of the rock that lies above the reach of the waves. The cliffs of Dover and of the Orkney and Shetland islands are notable examples of sea-cliff's. Gorges. caDons. and ravines, which are characterized by steep walls, are excavated by the erosion of running water; they are usu- ally found along the upper courses of rivers. Cliffs may mark t!u' line of outcrop of stratified rocks, and in such cases are usually to be traced to differential weathering of hard and soft strata. In regions of disturbance, cliffs are formed by faulting, which exposes a vertical rock-face or scarp, ilany of the notable elevations in the Adirondacks are characterized by faulted scarps. See Shore : C'axox : F.vilt ; etc. CLIFF-D'VSrELLER. A name frequently used to designate the supposed extinct builders of the numerous .Tncient cliff ruins scattered through- out the caiions and mesas of the arid Southwest, along the upper waters of the Colorado and Rio Grande — in Utah. Colorado, Arizona, and X'ew ^Mexico. The ruins are either upon the summits of the mesas or on shelves in the rock-walls of the canons. For a long time their origin was 33 CLIFFORD.
- i subject of much speculation; but recent eth-
nologic investigation has proved that these ruins are not tlie work of any extinct or distinct race, but were built by the immediate ancestors of the modern Pueblo Indians (q.v. ), some of whom, in fact, notably the Hopi, still have their villages ujion the summits of almost inaccessible mesas for better protection against the wilder Navajo and Apache, by « hom they are surrounded. Cliff- dwellings are divided into two types: (1) Habi- tations built in niches or clefts in the caflon- walls; and (2) domiciles excavated in softer beds between hard ledges in the cliffs, sometimes called "cavate lodges.' See Arch.eology, Amebi- CAX. For illustration, see Cas.. Grande. CLIF'FOED. George. Earl of Cumberland ( 1558-11)05 I . .u English naval commander and buccaneer, born in Westmoreland. He took the degree of il.A. at Cambridge in 1570, and in 1588 commanded the Elizahcth Bonavcnliire, in the action's against the Spanish Armada. Thence- forward he was active chiefly in fitting out and conducting piratical expeditions. Of these the most important were one undertaken with seven sail, in loSO. which captured several ricli prizes, and one with twenty sail, in 1508. which took San Juan de Puerto Rico., but failed in an at- tempt to intercept the Spanish treasure-galleons. CLIFFORD, Lucy Lane (Mrs. William King- don 1 . .
English novelist. She was the daugh-
ter of .John Lane of Barbados, in the British West Indies, and in 1875 married William King- don Clifford, the distinguished mathematician, who died four years later. Jlrs. Clifford is best known bv Lore Letters of a Worldly Woman (1891) and Aunt Anne (1892). Among her other popular books are: Any How Stories ( 1882; reissued with additions, 1899) : Mrs. Keith's Crime (1885); The Last Touches (1893); A Wild Proxy (1894); A Flash of Summer (.1895): Mere Stories (1896): The Dominant Xote and Other Stories (1897); and Margaret Vincent (1902). CLIFFORD, Paul. The hero of Bulwer's no-el of the same name, a highwayman who is finally reformed through love. CLIFFORD, Nathan (1803-81). An Ameri- can jurist, born in Rumney. N. H. He graduated at the Hampton Literary Institution, was admit- ted to the bar, and connnenced |)ractice in York County. Maine, in 1827. He was a member of the State Legislature from 1830 to 1834^ was Speaker of the House for the last two years, and was Attorney-General from 1834 until 1838. He seiTed in Congress from 1839 lo 1843. and in 1846 was Attorney-General in President Polk's Cabinet. At the close of the Mexican War he went as a special United States envoy to Mexico, and negotiated a treaty by which California and other territories became a part of the United States. In 1858 he became, by President Buchan- an's appointment, an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court, and in 1877 was president of the Electoral Commission (q.v.) that decided the Hayes-Tilden Presidential con- troversy. He published United States Circuit Court Ite/iorts (1S69). CLIFFORD, William Kingdon (I845-I879). An English mathematician and physicist, born at E.xeter. He was educated at a school in his na five town, at King's College. London, and at Trinity CoUese, Cambridge, where he was second
