1899). For the United States specifically, consult the various publications of the Weather Bureau, aud Waldo, Elementary Meteorology (New York, 1896). For the world in general, consult: Hann, Handbuch der Klimatologie (Stuttgart, 1897); Woeikof, Die Klimate der Erde (Jena, 1887); and Hann, Lehrbuch der Meteorologie (Stuttgart, 1901).
CLIMATOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, American, a society for the study of climatology, balneology, and the diseases of the respiratory and circulatory organs. It was organized in New York City in 1884, and is composed of physicians residing in the United States and Canada. It consisted, in 1901, of 133 members.
CLIMATOLOGY, CLIMATOGRAPHY. See Climate.
CLIMBING FERN, or Hartford Fern (Lygodium palmatum) . A species of fern found, rarely, from Massachusetts to Kentucky and southward, remarkable for climbing or twining around weeds and shrubs. The leaves are broadly palmate, and the fertile frondlets form a panicle upon the upper portion of the stem. It is prized for interior decoration of houses. For illustration, see Plate of Ferns.
CLIMBING FISH. One of the small Oriental fishes of the family Anabantidæ, interesting because of the modification of the upper portion of their branchial apparatus into a series of leaf-like structures, adapted for retaining small quantities of water. This water is sufficient to keep the gills moist for a considerable time, thus enabling the fish to subsist in mud or out of water. For a special account of this apparatus, consult Dobson, Proceedings of the Zoölogical Society of London, 1874, p. 312. The numerous species live in fresh water in southeastern Asia and its neighboring islands, and in South Africa. The best-known and typical species is the climbing perch (Anabas scandens), which is widely distributed in the Orient, and especially abundant in the Ganges valley. It is about six inches in length, somewhat resembles a perch, and has large scales and a spiny dorsal fin. It has been reported to climb palm-trees, but this needs verification. It often, however, leaves pools which are in danger of drying and travels over land in search of water, usually during the night or early morning, while the dew is still on.
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| HEAD OF CLIMBING PERCH. |
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a, Gills; b, Leaf-like apparatus serving as air-breathing lungs. |
CLIMBING HEMPWEED. See Mikania.
CLIMBING PLANTS. See Lianas.
CLINCH. See Knotting; Splicing.
CLINCHANT, klăN′shäN′, Justin (1820-81). A French general, born at Thiaucourt (Meurthe). He studied at the military college of Saint Cyr, entered the infantry service in 1841, and fought in the Crimea, in the Italian campaign of 1859, and in Mexico. As commander of a brigade of the Third Army Corps, he participated in the battles before Metz. Having escaped from imprisonment after the capitulation, he was appointed to the command of the Twentieth Army Corps of the Army of the East, with the rank of a general of division. He succeeded Bourbaki (q.v.) as commander of the Army of the East, and, intercepted by the Germans under Von Manteuffel in an attempt at retreat, was compelled, with his 84,600 troops, to withdraw into Switzerland. He subsequently commanded the Fifth Army Corps of the Army of Versailles against the forces of the Commune, and in 1879 was appointed Military Governor of Paris.
CLINCHER. A 'prentice who apes the man-about-town in Farquhar's comedies, The Constant Lover and Sir Harry Wildair.
CLINCHER-BUILT, or CLINKER-BUILT. See Boat.
CLINCH RIVER. A tributary of the Tennessee River, rising in Russell County, Virginia, and flowing in a southwestern direction through Virginia and Tennessee (Map: Virginia, B 5), joining the Tennessee River at Kingston. Its length is estimated at over 200 miles.
CLINEDINST, Benjamin West (1860—). An American illustrator, born at Woodstock, Va. He studied at the Virginia Military Institute (Lexington), and became known as an artist for periodicals and books. In oils and water-colors he has executed several portraits and genre pictures. He was awarded the Evans Prize of the American Water-Color Society in 1900.
CLING′MAN, Thomas Lanier (1812-97). An American politician and soldier, born at Huntsville, N. C. He graduated at the University of North Carolina in 1832, and was elected to the State Legislature. From 1843 to 1858, with the exception of one term, he was a Whig member of Congress, where he became known as a brilliant debater. In 1858 he was selected by the Governor of his State to fill a vacancy existing in the United States Senate, whence, in 1861, he withdrew to become a colonel in the Confederate Army. He was promoted to be brigadier-general, served throughout the war, and in 1868 was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention. The existence in North Carolina of diamonds, rubies, corundum, platinum, and mica was first made known by him. He published Follies of the Positive Philosophers (1878) and a volume of speeches (1878).
CLINGMAN'S DOME. One of the two highest peaks of the Smoky Mountains, situated in Tennessee, just across the border from North Carolina (Map: North Carolina, A 4). It is 6619 feet above the sea-level. It was named after Thomas L. Clingman.
CLINIC (Lat. clinicus, Gk. κλινικός, klinikos, pertaining to a bed, from κλίνη, klinē, from κλίνειν, klinein, to incline). An institution or a department of a medical college, which is devoted to the examination and free treatment of patients. Notwithstanding the derivation of the
