CKANE-FLY. 541 CKANMEB. ing forms destroy grass and grain by injuring the roots. . . . The wings of the crane-flies are generally clear, but are sometimes beauti- fully marked and spotted." See Uaddy-Loxg- Legs. CBANE'S-BILL. See Geranium. CKA'NIAL INDEX. See Anthropometby. CEA'NIOM'ETRY (from Gk. Kpaflov, kranion, skull -|- jiirpov, nictroii, measure) and Craniol- OGY. Systematic measurement and comparison of human crania. See Anthropometry; JIan, Science of. CRA'NIUM. See Skull. CRANK. A mechanical device consisting of a bend or arm on an axle or shaft by which reciprocating motion is converted into rotary motion. The reciprocating motion of the piston- rod of a steam-engine is converted into rotary motion of the engine-shaft by means of a crank. The crank may consist of an arm on the end of a shaft or of a similarly located disk with a crank-pin, or of a T'-shaped bend in the shaft between the ends. The piston-rod transmits its q 1, single crank at end of an axle ; 2, double crank in the middle of a shaft; 3, bell crank. motion to the crank by means of an intermediate connecting-rod. The connecting-rod exercises the maximum force on the crank-arm when this arm is at right angles to the line of motion of the piston-rod, and it exercises no force tend- ing to produce rotation when the crank-arm is parallel to the line of motion of the piston-rod. jiaximum force occurs at two points in the rota- tion of the crank, and no force occurs at two points at right angles to the points of maximum force. The two points of no force are called the dead points ; and, in order to carry the crank over these dead points, where only a single con- necting-rod is used, the shaft is provided with a heay flj'-wheel, the momentum of which supplies the necessary power to keep up rotation when the connecting-rod is not supplying power. When two connecting-rods are connected with the shaft by separate cranks, the two crank-arms are set at right angles to each other, so that one rod is exerting its maximum force while the other is at the dead points of the revolution. CRAN'MER, TiioMA.s (1480-1556). Re- former of the English Chiirch, and the first Prot- estant Archbishop of Canterbury. He was born at Aslacton, in the county of Xottingham, on July 2, 1489. In his fourteenth year he went to Jesus College, Cambridge, of which he was elect- ed a fellow in 1510. but lost his position tem- porarily by marriage, being reelected on his wife's death. In 152,3 he took his degree of B.C. and was appointed lecturer on theology. In 1529. during the prevalence of the sweating sickness in Cambridge, he retired with two pupils to Waltham Abbey: and Henry ^111., in company with Gardiner and Fox, afterwards bishops of Winchester and Hereford, happening to bo in the neighborhood, the event proved a lurningpoint in liie life of Craiimcr. The King was then taking steps to secure his divorce from Catharine of Aragon, and, in conversation on the subject with Gardiner and Fox, Crannier suggested that if the universities could be in- duced to declare that, in their opinion, the first marriage was unlawful, the King would be free to marry again. Henry was greatly pleased with Ihis idea, and "swore by the Mother of God. that man hath the right sow by the ear." Cranmer was asked to reduce his suggestion to writing, and to have it submitted to the Eurojiean n- versities. After this he was appointed Arcli- deacon of Taunton, and one of the royal chap- lains. He was also sent to Rome on a special embas.sy in the matter of the divorce, but met with little success. Subsequently he was dis- patched to the Emperor Charles V. on the same errand; and while in Germany he married a second time, a niece of the " German divine Osiander. Shortly afterwards, on the death of Archbishop arham, he was recalled to fill the vacant see of Canterburv. He was consecrated archbishop JIarch .30, 1533. Under his auspices Henry's divorce was speedily carried through the Archliishop's Court at Dun- stable, and on ilay 28 he announced the legal- ity of the King's marriage to Anne Boleyn, which had taken place four months before. In Anne's subsequent disgrace, and again in the affair of Anne of Cleves, the Archbisliop took a part not very creditable to him. His position was no doubt a difficult one: but his character was naturally pliable and timid, rather than re- solved and consistent. The same spirit char- acterizes the measures of religious reform which were promoted by him. On the one hand he joined actively with Henry in restricting the power of the Pope, though he seems to have had less to do with suppressing the monasteries; but, on the other hand, he was no less active in persecuting men like Frith, Forrest, and others, who, on matters of religious faith, were disposed to advance further than himself or the King. He did what he could, Iiowever. to resist the re- actionary movement which took place in 1539, and which is known by the institution of the six articles. He was also instrumental in promot- ing the translation and circulation of the Scrip- tures. On Henry VIII. 's death Cranmer was appointed one of the rcfjents of the kingdom, and, along with Latimer and others, largely con- tributed to the advance of the Protestant tause during the rcigii of Edward VI. He assisted in the compilation of the service-book and the articles of religion. The latter are said to have been chiefly composed by him. He was also the author of four of the homilies. On the accession of ;lary he was committed to the Tower, together with Latimer and Ridley. In ilarch, 1554, they were removed to Oxforii. and confined there in the common prison, called the Bocardo. Latimer and Ridley bore their cruel fate with magnanimous courage: hut the .spirit and principles of Cranmer temporarily gave way under the severity of his sufferings. He was induced to sign no fewer than se'en re- cantations, though there is no ground for sup- posing that a hope of pardon was held out to him. On ]Iarch 21, 1556, he suffered m.nrtyr- dom, as his fellow-reformers had done, opposite
