CROMWELL. 603 CBONEGK. Tunis to lorins (April 4, 1C55), destroyed one, tipanisli treasure-lliH't at sea (SepleinlM>r 8, lUoG) and sank anollicr in the harbor of Cadiz (April 20, 1057). Two treaties were signed with France, the lirst on Oetol)er 24, Hi.").!, providing for the e.vpulsion of the Stuarts from Freiuli territory, the second on Mareh 2.'!. Ki.j", pro- viding for a joint attack upon the Spanisli Netherlands, in which the English greatly dis- tinguishe<l themselves before Dunkirk, in the battle of the Dunes, June, Ui.'iS, an<l secured ilardiek and Dunkirk as their share of the spoils. But while Cromwell succeeded l)y force of arms in making England universally feared, he was very ignorant of European politics and his aims were faulty. He was completely luider the illusion that the Catholic powers were on the point of combining to crush Protestantism and he was constantly negotiating with Charles X. of Sweden, whom he erroneously regarded as a second tJuslavus Adolphus. to form a counter Protestant league, not knowing that it was im- possible to reconcile, for religious purposes, either Sweden and Ilollatid on the one hand, or France and Spain on the other. Xor should it be forgotten tluit his foreign enterprises greatly increased the burdens of a heavy taxation which alienated the people of England from his rule. He died on September 3, 1058. Bihlioohapiiv. The chief source of informa- tion in forming an estimate of Cromwell's char- acter will always be his own words, first col- lected by Carlyle. Letters and Speeches of Oliver Croniucll (London, 1845). The speeches are to be found in f^tniner, Speeches of Oliver Cromwell, Itl'l'l-JS (London. 1901). His Parliamentary career is to be followed in Parliniiieiilary His- tory, vols, ix.-xxi. (London. 17()0-()2), together with the nmnerous memoirs, of which those of Whitelock and Ludlow deserve special mention. The Calendars of State Papers, Domestic Series, together with the great collections of Rushworth. Clarendon, Somers, and Carte, are rich mines of material, while the Thurloe Stale Papers (Lon- don. 1742) contain the greater part of the diplo- matic correspondence. Gardiner, Const. Docs, of the Puritan Jievolution (London, 1S99), is invaluable. Of the older writers, Guizot and Eanke are still useful, but they are largely superseded by the great works of Gardiner, History of Enyland. lG0.}-.'i2 (10 vols., London and New York", 1883-84) ; The (treat Civil War (London and New York, 1893) ; and the History of the Comnionicealth and Protectorate (London and New York. 1894-1901). Gardiner has sum- marized the results of his researches in Crom- well's Place in Hist on/ (London and New Y'ork, 1897) and Olirer Cronurell (London. 1001). Hardly inferior to CJardiner's work is Firth, Oliver Cromieell and the Rule of the Puritans in Ent/land (London and New Y^ork. 1900). The biographies by Harrison (London. 1888) and Slorley (New York, 1900) are brilliant, but not authoritative. The Oliver Cromvrll of Theodore Roosevelt (New York, 1900) is brief and read- able. Gardiner and Mullinger. Introduction In the Study of Enr/lish History, part ii. (London-. 1894), contains an account of (be literature of the period, lioth contcmpcu'ary and modern. CROMWELL, Richard f 102(1-1712), Lord Protector of lumland. The third and eldest sui'- viving son of Oliver Cromwell; he was born at Huntingdon, October 4, 1020. When Oliver be- YOL. v.— 3',l. came Protector, he wished to train his son as his successor, Kichard entered Parliament: was appointed First Lord of Trade and Navigation, and became Clianccllor of Oxford, But of an amiable tem])eranient, he was more addicted to pleasure and sport than statecraft, and after bis father s death in l(i58, retained the Protector ship for not (|uite nine months, initil his willing demission in -May, 1059. He lived in retirement on the Continent during twenty years, and re- turned to England in 1080, lie died at Ches- hunt .Tuly 12. 1712. Consult Guizot, Hislori/ I'i Enyland I inter Richard Cromivell (London. 1850). CROMWELL. Tuo.iAs. Earl of Essex (e,1490- 1540). An English statesman and Henry VIII.'s jjrime agent in effecting the Reformation. He. was born at Putney, near I-ondon. here his father engaged in the varied pursuits of black- smith, brewer, innkeeper, fuller, and shearer of cloth. After a meagre education, he went to Antwerp as a clerk i:i a factory, and success- fully devoted his spare time to learning lan- guages. He spent some time in Italy as a sol- dier and trader. He returned to England in 1513, and, while following the paternal voca- tions, developed into a money-lender, a lawyer, and an iniluential citizen. He received a trusted appointment from Cardinal W'olsey, and uiuier his patronage entered Parliament, where his able speeches attracted attention. He successfully defended his master against the bill of impeach- ment; and Hen'rv VIII., appreciating his talent, made him his private secretary. He received a succession of honors, which. after knighthood in 1531, included the Chancellorship of the E,ehe- quer (1533), Mastership of the Rolls and Vicar- ship-General of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1535), the office of Lord Privy Seal (1530). and that of Lord Chamberlain (1539), and culminated in his creation as Earl of Essex in 1540. For seven years, by subservience to the King, he held supreme sway in the royal councils and eon- trolled all the administrative de])artnients. He carried out faithfully the monarch's schemes to establish the Reformation. His methods in suppressing the monasteries earned him the designation of 7nalleus monachorum, the Hammer of the Jlonks. He was very unpopular, and after promoting the marriage of Henry with Aiuie of Cloves, the King's aversion to the Queen was extended to the instigator of the iniion, Henry assented to a bill of attainder for treason on a long indictment of oflfeuses, and, after a piteous entreaty for mercy, Cromwell was clumsily beheaded on July 28, 1540, Froude praises his character. Consult: Di'ayton, His- tofie of the Life and Death of the Lord Crom- well (London, 1009) : Hook, Lires of the .irch- bishops of Canterhury. vol. vi, (London, 1808) : Froude. Hi<tlori/ of Lnyland (London, 18S1-S2) ; !Merrinian, Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell (Oxtor.l, '.W1). CROMWELL, TiiK T.H'E Axn Death of Thoii..s. L(ii)». a play of unknown ;iuthMrsliip. once attributed to Shakespeare, and entered at Stationers' Hall in 1002, It was founded on the tragic fate of the Earl of Essex, See Thomas Cbomwi:i.i.. CRONACA, kro'nu-ka, II. See Pollaiiolo, CRONEGK, kro'nek, Johann Frikurich. Baron xon (1731-58). A German poet. He
