CRONEGK. 604 CROOKES. •was born at Aiisbaoli (in the princiimlity nf that name), was educalcd at Leipzig and Halle, and fioni 1754 was a eouncilor of the principality. His best-known work is his tragedy Coflnis (1757), in rhymed Alexandrines — a somewhat rhetorical but sonorous imitation of the French classic manner — which was awarded the prize offered by the bookseller Nicolai for the best Ger- man tragedy. His ode Der Krier/ (1750) was jiraised by Lessing. He was among the fiist to direct German scholarship toward the study of Spanish literature. Consult the biography by Gensel (Leipzig. 1894). CRONENBERG, krO'ncn-berK. See Kronex- BERG. CRONHOLM, krou'liulm, Abraham Peter (180'J-79). A Swedish historian. He was born at Landskrona. was educated at Lund, and in 1849 became professor of history in that city. His works, which are based upon a careful per- sonal study of the archives of Stockholm. Copen- hagen, Berlin. Dresden, Vienna, and of other leading European cities, include the following: Fornnordiska Jlinnen (1833-35): Calholska Li- fian och Buffurnotterne (1839) ; Skunes politiska historiii (1847-51) ; Sveriges historia under flus- iuf II. Adolphs regering (1857-72). CRONJE, kron'yp. Pietris Akxoldus (1835- — ). A Boer soldier. In the campaign of 1881 against England, he distinguished himself at Doornkop and at Jlajuba Hill, where he was second in command. In 1896 he dispersed the raiders led by Dr. .Jameson into the Trans- vaal. At the outbreak of the war against Eng- land in 1899, he was stationed with 6000 troops on the western frontier. At Modder River (No- vember 2S) he fought an indecisive battle with Lord Methuen. wlio was marching with his division to the relief of Kimbcrley, in which he inflicted terrible loss on the enemy, and at JIagersfontein (December 11) he won a brilliant victory over the same general. Inime<liately upon the beginning of Lord Roberts's invasion of the Orange Free State, in 1900, he sent a portion of his army to the north, and with the re- mainder sought to oppose the English advance on Pretoria. At last surrounded, he intrenched himself at Paardcberg. and. under a scathing artillery tire, sustained that position luitil the failure of food and annnunition compelled him to surrender, with some 4000 troops and six guns, on February 27 — the anniversary of Majuba Hill, He was thereupon sent as a prisoner of war to Saint Helena. He was known as one of the most sagacioiis of the Boer leaders, and, in addition to his military command, held civil olfiee as a mend)er of the Executive Council of the South African Republic, CRON'OS. See Saturn. CRONSTADT, kron'stat. See Kronstadt. CROOK, kriik. A coalmining town in Dur- ham. England. 41/' miles northwest of Bishop Auckland'; Population, in 1901, 11,470. CROOK (ME. croke, crok, leel, krokr. hook). In musical instruments, such as the French-horn or trumpet, a circular tube, which fits into the end of the insti'iunent next the mouthpiece, for the purpose of lenglhening the tube of the instru- ment and thus altering the pitch to suit the key of the music. The notes of the parts of these instruments are always written in the natural key of C, with the name of the key of the piece marked in letters. CROOK, (iEOKuE (1828-90). An American ■^(jldicr, Ijorii near Dayton, Ohio. He graduated at West Point in 1852, and spent the ne.xt nine years in California. He became colonel of the Thirty-eighth Ohio Volunteers and captain of the Fourth Infantry in the Federal Army in 1861, served throughout the Civil War, and in ilarch, 1865, was brevetted brigadier-general and major-general for gallant and lueritorious ser- vices during the war. In 1866, as lieutenant- colonel in the regular army, he was sent to Idaho, where he remained until 1872, in almost constant warfare with the Indians there. He subdued the tribes in Arizona in 1872, and in 1875-77 completely crushed the power of those in the Northwest, after Custer's defeat at their hands. He protected the Apaches (1882) from the encroachments of the iJormons and others on their lands, and defeated the Chiricahuas in 1883, Obtaining sole charge of all the tribes, he encouraged them in their industries, and made them self-supporting communities. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general in 1873. and to that of major-general in 1888. CROOKBILL. See Wrykill. CROOKED ISLAND. One of the Bahamas (q.v.), British West Indies. It contains 160 square miles ( Map : West Indies, K 13 ) . In common with some others of the group, it is valuable chieflv for its salt. Population, over 600. CROOKED LAKE, or Kei ka Lake. A beau- tiful sheet of water in Steuben and Yates coun- ties, in the western part of New York, about 18 miles long and 1 to 1% wide. It lies in a deep valley, and its outlet at the north end tlows into Seneca Lake. CROOKES, kruks. Sir William (1832—). An English physicist and chemist, born in Lon- don. He studied chemistry, and 'later assisted Hofmann at the Royal College of Chemistry. In 1854 he became superintendent of the meteoro logical dep:irtment of the Radcliffe Observatory^ Oxford, and in 1855 professor of chemistry at the Chester Training College, He is the editor and proprietor of the CliFniical IVeirs. which he founded in 1859, and has edited the Qtiorterhj Journal of Science since 1864. He has been a fellow of the Royal Society since 1863. and was knighted in 1897. He is an authority of the first rank on sanitary questions, especially the disposal of the sewage of towns, and his method of jiroducing extreme vacua rendered incan- descent electric lighting a practical possibility. His original researches in chemistry and physics led to the discovery of the metal thallium in 1861. Subsequently he devoted several years to an elaborate investigation on the atomic weight of that element. Among his other discoveries may be mentioned the sodium amalgamation process for separating gold and silver from their ores (1865), and especially his new method for the spectroscopic investigation of substances — one of the numerous and brilliant results of his prolonged stvidies of 'radiant matter.' He also devised the radiometer (q.v.). and later the ntheoscope, a greatly improved form of the radiometer. Among his publications may be mentioned: A Prncticnl ffniidbook of Di/eing and Calico Printing (2d ed., 1883); Sehrl' Methods
