CUMBERLAND. 659 CUMBERLAND GAP. CUMBERLAND (AS. Viimbriu) . The ex- treme uortll^ve^l uuiiiity of Knyland (Map: Kiig- land, D 2). It lias 75 miles of coast, and an area of lulG square miles. Two-thirds of the county is cultivated, the rest is covered hy moun.- tain and lake. The highest peaks of the Cum hrian Mountains (q.v. ) are in this county. The chief rivers are the ICden and Derwent. .Min- eral wealth abounds, chielly coal, iron, and lead. Dairy farming and domestic manufacUires are curried on. The chief towns are Carlisle, the capital, Cockermouth, Whiteluiveu, and Wigton. Population, iu 1891, 200,550; in 1901, 207,000. Consult: Ferguson, History of Cumbctlund (London, 1890); Wilson (editor). The Victoria tliftijnj of Cuinhrrland (Westminster, 1901). CUMBERLAND. A city and county-seat of Allegany Countv. ild., 152 miles northwest of Washington, D. C, and 150 miles southeast of Pittsburg, Pa., on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and on the Pennsylvania, the Balliniore and Ohio, and other railroads (Map: Maryland. H 2). It is in a remarkably pictui-esi|UG locality on the Potomac River, some 000 or 700 feet above tide, on the outer edge of the Cumberland Canal coal region, and ships vast quantities of semi- bituminous coal. There are also extensive roll- ing-mills for the manufacture of railroad mate- rials, iron-foundries, steel-works, raili'oad shops, tanneries, brick-works, Hoxir-mills, glass-works, and cement-works. Cumberland was laid out in 1785 ou the site of Fort Cumberland, which was erected in the winter of 1754-55 at the outbreak of the French and Indian War. The town was incorporated in 1815, becoming a city in 1850. The government is administered by a mayor, elected every two years, and a city coun- cil, some of the members of which are elected by wards and some at large. The several adminis- trative boards are nominated by the executive subject to the approval of the council. Owner- ship and operation of the water-works and elec- tric-light works are municipal functions. Popu- lation, in 1890, 12,729; in 1900, 17,128. Consult Lowdermilk, History of Cumberland (Washing- ton, 1878). CUMBERLAND. A town in Providence County, R. I., six miles north of Providence, on ihe Blackstone River, and on the New York, Xew Haven and Hartford Railroad. It has extensive manufactures of horseshoes, cotton, etc. Cum- berland was incorporated in 1747. The govern- ment is administered bv annual town meetings. Population, in 1890, 8090; in 1900, 8925. CUMBERLAND, The. A Federal war-vessel under the command of Lieut. George U. Morris, sunk by the Confederate ram Mcrrimac in Hamp- ton Roads, March 8, 1862. She went down firing and with colors flying, and carried with her a hundred of her crew. CUMBERLAND, Duke of. See William AtiGCSTUs, Duke of Cumberland, and Ernst August, King of Hanover. CUMBERLAND, Rich.rd (1032-1718). An English moralist. He was born in London, edu- cated at Saint Paul's School and at Cambridge, appointed in 1058 to the rectory of Brampton, Northamptonshire, and in 10417 to the living of All Hallows, Stamford. In 1091 he was made Bishop of Peterborougli. His work. De Legibiis Sdtiirw Disqiiisitio I'liilosojjhica (1072), trans- lated into English by Jean Maxwell in 1727, was one of the lirst protests against the egoism of ilobbes's ethics. He maint;iined therein that "the common good of all' is the chief end and ultimate standard of morality, and is thus one of the forerunners of the well-known English Utilitarians. Consult: Spaulding, Kirhorl Ciiiiibcrluiid als Ihyriinder dtr Enijlischen Ethih (Leipzig, 1894) ; and Albee, "The l^thical Sy.^teni of Richard Cumberland," in the Philosophical licricic (Boston, 1895). CUMBERLAND, Richard (1732-1811). An English dramatic writer and essayist, born in Cambridge. He was the great-grandson of the Bishop of Peterborough, and was the grandson, on his mother's side, of Dr. Richard Bentley. He graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1750, and two years afterwards was elected fel- low. Having been ai>poinled private secretary of the Earl of Halifax, he gave up his intention of entering the Churcli, and liecanu' lister sec- retary during Halifax's term as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Later he obtained a sinecure in the Board of Trade, and retired to Tunbridge Wells, where he devoted himself to literature, and wrote farces, tragedies, comedies, pamphlets, essays, novels, an<l translations from the Greek poets. Many of his comedies were well received, but have nor. survived. They include The Brothers (1709) and West Indian (1770), his best )ilay. Goldsmith describes Cumberland with gentle satire in The Retaliation, as "The Terence of England, the mender of hearts." His Memoirs ap- peared in 1807, but are considered untrust- worthy. CUMBERLAND AND TEVIOTDALE, te'- vi-ot-dal. Duke of. English titles borne by the first cousin of QHiecn Victoria, George V. of Hanover (q.v.), and perpetuated by his eldest son. Prince Ernest Augustus, born September 21, 1845. CUMBERLAND GAP. A pass through the Cumberland Mountains on the State line between Kentucky and Tennessee at the southwestern end of Virginia (Jlap: Kentucky, H 4). It is a notch about 500 feet deep and in some places so narrow as merely to allow room for a roadway. The road between Virginia and K<>ntucky laid out by Daniel Boone in 1709 passed through Cum- berland G:ip, and over this load journeyed most of the early emigrants to Kentucky. During the Civil War the Gap was of great strategic im- portance, constituting as it did a kind of pas- sageway between central Kentucky and eastern and central Tennessee. It was occupied by the Confederate General ZollicofTer, on NoTcmber 13, 1801. but on June 17. 1802, the Confederates withdrew on the approach of a superior Federal force under Gen. G. W. ilorgan, who took pos- session on the following day and immediately began to strengthen the fortifications. Various minor skirmishes occurred in the vicinity, in the most important of which, that of August 7, the Confederates lost 125 men in killed and wounded, the Federals 08 in killed, wounded, and missing. On the night of September 17 ilorgan secretly evacuated the place, liestroyed the forlifi- eations and the war material, and by a skillful retreat saved his command from capture at the hands of the superior Confederate forces in the vicinitv. On October 22d General Bragg occu- pied tiie Gap. On September 8, 1803, the place again passed into the hands of the Federals un-
