CUMBERLAND GAP. 660 GUMMING. <ler General Shackelford, the Confederate Gen- eral Frazer surrendering, without resistance, 2000 men and 14 pieces of artillery; and here on April 28, 1805, 900 Confederates surrendered and vere parcilcd. CUMBERLAND MOUNTAINS. A part of the westernmost division of the Appalachian system extending from northeastern Alabama iicross Tennessee, thence along the boundary of Virginia and Kentucky to near the southern ■border of West Virginia (Jlap: Virginia, A 5). Toward the north the range of elevations is con- tinued by tile Alleghany ilountains through ^ est Virginia into Pennsylvania. The Cumber- land ^Mountains comprise several parallel ridges, which together form a plateau some 50 miles in width with an elevation ranging from less than 1000 to more than 2000 feet. Their eastern edge is usuall}- defined by a strong escarpment, while •on the west the slope is abrupt in Tennessee but less so in Kentucky. The range is composed of Paleozoic strata, including sandstones, limestones. and slates, which inclose valuable deposits of coal and iron. They are usually well timbered with .ash, hickory, chestnut, and other hard woods, but the soil is not sufficiently fertile to support a large agiucultural population. The slopes of the Cumberland ^Mountains are drained mostly into the Ohio River by the Cumberland and the Tennessee, the latter river crossing the southern portion of the range after flowing along the greater part of its eastern edge. CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. See Pbesbyterianism. CUMBERLAND RIVER. A river of Ken- tucky and Tennessee, rising in the Cumberland Mountains. It flows southwest and west through southern Kentucky and enters Tennessee in longi- tude 85° 30' W. (Map: Kentucky, C 4). It runs in a semicircle through the northern part of Tennessee and then turning northward reenters Kentucky, I'unning through the southwestern part of the State parallel with the Tennessee River. It joins the Ohio River at Smithland. The total length of the river is over 600 miles. It is navigable for steamboats to Nashville, and for smaller craft for 100 miles above that town. CUMBERLAND ROAD, The. A road 800 miles long, which extended from Fort Cum- berland, Md., to Vandalia, 111., and which had an important part in opening up the West and Southwest to settlement from the East. It was begun about 1806, was constructed in sections, and was finished about 1840. It was to have been built by the Federal Government out of funds derived from sales of public lands in the States to be traversed; but additional appro- priations soon became necessary, and, largely owing to the influence of Henry Clay, the Na- tional Government advanced the sum of $6,821,- 246 for this purpose between 1806 and 1838. For many years the road was under Federal control, and was called the 'Great National Pike,' but by 1856 the Government had turned over to the various States through which it passed the portions included within each. For many years it was Jierhaps the chief avenue for West- ern emigration, and thousands of prospective .settlers passed over it from the various Eastern States. Consult: Hulbert. The Cumberland Road (Cleveland. 1903) ; Sparks, The Expanmon -of the American People (Chicago, 1901) ; and an article "The Old National Pike," in vol. lix. of Harper's ilonthlij Maya::ine (New York, 1879). CUMBERLAND UNIVERSITY. An edu- cational institution under the supervision of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, established in 1844 at Lebanon, Tenn. Connected with the university is the theological seminary of the Church, established iu 1852. The university also maintains a law department and prepara- tory department. Its student enrollment in 1901 was approximately 200. CUM'BRIA (Lat., the land of the Cymry, or ^A'elsh). An ancient British principality, in- cluding Cumberland in England, and most of Scotland as far north as the Clyde. In Scot- land, however, the boundaries were indefinite, and depended upon the strength of the ruler. Cumbria had a mixed population of Britons, Goidels, and Picts, who, on account of common danger from the Saxons, xmited and took the name of Cymry. During the sixth century Cum- bria ceased to be governed by one ruler, and was united only in times of war. Tlie country, how- ever, was hilly and easily defended. Edmund conquered Cumbria in 946, with the help of the King of South Wales, and gave it to JIalcolm of Scotland. William II. of England annexed Cumbria early in his reign. In 1107 David I. of Scotland became Prince of Cumbria, holding it from the English Crown. CUMBRIAN MOUNTAINS. A group of mountains, 37 by 35 miles in length and breadth, in the northwest of England, occupying part of Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Lancashire. This tract, embracing the English lake district, is of great picturesqueness and beauty, and much frequented by tourists. There are 25 moimtain- tops upward of 1500 feet high, including Sea Fell Pike (3210 feet). Sea Fell (3162), Helvel- lyn (3118). and Skiddaw (3054). The deep val- leys between the mountains contain 14 lakes, 1 to 10 miles long. The largest of the lakes are Windermere, Ullswater, Coniston Water, Bas- senthjvaite Water, and Derwentwater. Many eminent jjcrsons have resided among the lakes, the beauty of which has inspired some of the finest writings of Wordsworth, Coleridge. South- ey. Professor Wilson ('Christopher North'), De Quincey. Arnold, and Harriet ilartineau. CUM'MING, Alfked (c.1802-73). An Ameri- can official. In 1857 he was appointed by Presi- dent Buchanan Governor of the Territory of Utah, whither he was sent with a protective force of 2500, under the command of Gen. A. S. Johnston, later famous in the Confederate ser- vice. He issued, on November 27, a proclama- tion which declared the Territory to be in a state of rebellion, a copy of which was for- warded ^o Salt Lake City. Brigham Young, the Mormon president, retaliated by announcing that the region was under martial law, and forbid- ding the expedition to enter. A compromise was subsequently effected, and Governor Gumming assumed office on April 12. 1858. The troops were retained at Camp Floyd until February 20. 1860. In 1861 Gumming was succeeded by Stephen S. Harding. CUMMING, .I(»HX (1807-811. A Scotch preacher and author, born in Aberdeenshire. He was educated at King's College. Aberdeen, and in 1833 was ordained to the Scotch Cliurch, Crown Court, Covent Garden, London, where he
