CUNNINGHAM. 666 CUPPING. the New College in 1843. He was widely known as a controversialist of exceptional ability, and used his abilities largely in the defense of Cal- vinism. Among his principal works are the fol- lowing: Historical Theology (18G2): The Re- formers and the Theology of the Reformations (1862); and Discussions on Church Principles (1863). CUNOBELINE, kil'no-be-lin. The legendary father of Caractaciis, and King of the Silures. CUOCO, koo-o'ko, ViNCENZo (1770-1823). An Italian historian, born at Civitil-Campomorano (Province of Naples) . He practiced law for a time at Naples, but was banished for participation in the revolutionary movement of 1709, and until his return in 1806 lived chiefly at Jlilan, where he edited the Giornale Italiano and published his f^aygio storico siilla revoluzione di Napoli (ISOO), a vivid and interesting narrative. From ISOO to 1810 he was director of the Treasury and a member of the Court of Cassation at Naples. Consult d'Avala, Vita di Vincenzo Cuoco (Naples, 1861). CUP (AS. ciippe, Icel. koppr, OHG. choph, cup, from Lat. cujia, cask, OChureh Slav. Icupa, cup, Gk. KUTTi!, I' i/pc, hollow, Skt. kupa, well), DniXATiON BY. A mode of foretelling events practiced b.y the ancient Egyptians, and still prevailing in some of the rural districts of England and Scotland. One of the Eastern methods consisted in throwing small pieces of gold or silver leaf into a. cup of water, in which also were placed precious stones, with certain characters engraved upon them. The infernal powers were then invoked, and returned answer, either in an intelligible voice, or by signs, on the surface of the water, or by a representation in the cup of the Jierson inquired aboit. By the modern method, a person's fortune is foretold by the disposition of the .sediment in his tea-cup after pouring out the last of the liquid. CUP A'NIA. See* Akee. CUPAK, kixJ'per, or CUPAR-PIFE. A royal and municipal burgh, the county town of Fife- shire. Scotland, on, the Eden, 32^^ miles north of Edinburgh (Map: Scotland, E' 3). It has several schools and a public library. The chief manufactures are linens, brick, and earthenware. A fortress of the ^Jlacduft's, thanes of Fife, once stood on a mound called the Castle Hill, at the east end of the town. Population (royal. Parlia- mentary, and municipal burgh), in 1901, 4511. CU'PEL AND CU'PELLA'TION. See As- SATIXfl. CUPID (Lat. cupido, desire, from ctipcre, to desire). In classic mythology, the god of love: in Greek "Epus, Eros, and also called in Latin Amor, love. Eros was worshiped at Thespiap and Leuctra in Boeotia, and Parion on the Hellespont, as a very ancient god of productivity, and he also appears in the poets from the time of Hesiod as a personification of the power of love, which ■unites the gods and produces all things. In this aspect he is called offspring of Chaos, or of Heaven and Earth, or any such symbolical gen- ealogy is assigned to him as pleased the fancy of a poet or philosopher. The prevailing concep- tion, however, is that Eros is the son and inseparable companion of Aphrodite, thotigh there is considerable confusion as to bis father. In the earlier Greek art, Eros is a winged youth, holding a flower or very commonly a lyre, and sometimes a whi]), as symbol of his power. The bow and arrows, which were the conunon attri-
- butes in Hellenistic and Roman times, seem to
have been introduced in the fourth century B.C., when Praxiteles and Lysippus represented the god in famous statues. Eros stretching the bow, probably influenced by Lysippus, shows the passage to the type which afterwards became universal, the chubby mischievous boy. The later Alexandrian and Roman literature, with its frequent mention of the love-gods, finds a reflection in the contemporary art. The artists of the time are exceeding fond of genre scenes, in which the actors are Cupids, who appear hunt- ing, chariot-driving, making wine, selling their wares, or even playing like children. CUPID, The Letteb of. A poem by Occleve, which was attributed to Chaucer in the edition of 1532, though bearing a date (1402) two years after the latter's death. CUPID AND PSYCHE, si'ke. (1) One of the tales narrated in the Golden Ass of Apuleius. Psyche, a princess, incurs the wrath of Venus, who sends Cupid to punish her; but he falls in love with his prospective victim and visits her, cloaked in invisibility. He commands her not to attempt to see him. Curiosity leads her to dis- obey, and the lovers are separated. The pity of Jupiter, however, finally unites them for eter- nity. The episode has been frequently translated and imitated. (2) A graceful antique marble in the Capitoline Sluseuni at Rome, a copy of a Greek original. Cupid, undraped, embraces Psyche, who is draped from the hips. The statue was foimd on the Aventine. CUPID'S REVENGE. The title of an in- ferior comedy by Beaiunont and Flet<"her, show- ing strong resemblance to Sidney's Arcadia. CUTOLA (It., dome, from Lat. cupula, cu- pule, little cup. cupola, dim. of Lat. cupa, cask). A spherical vault or ceiling used to cover a build- ing, so called from its resemblance to a cup. Cupolas are hemispherical, or of any other curve, and may be made of any material, stone, brick, wood, metal. orglass. Theterm cupola is dis- tinguished from dome (q.v.), because it applies only to the inner surface of the covering, while the term dome covers the entire cur'ed structure. In popular but incorrect usage, a cupola is a small termination on a I'oof, often a sort of lan- tern on the top of a dome (e.g. that of Saint Peter's), for an egress or look-out. In late By- zantine, in Mohammedan, and in Russian domes especially, the inner shell or cupola differed es- sentially in shape from the outer shell, a low inner face being often surmounted by a high pointed or bulbous roofing for effect. This was also the case at Saint Mark's, Venice. The Mes-jid-i-Shah mosqxie at Ispahan and the Um-es- Sultan mausoleum at Cairo are Eastern ex- amples. In later architecture this is illustrated in the dome of the Invalides in Paris and Saint Paul's. London. CUPPING. The application of cups, from which the air has been exhausted, to the skin, ith the object of causing congestion or excessive fullness of the cutaneous blood-vessels: and if it should be thoiight desirable to withdraw some blood, the skin may be cut or scarified, and the exhausted cups applied over the incisions, to favor its flow. The two procedures are respect-
