CTTSA. 682 GUSHING. He died at Todi, Italy, August 11, 1464. As a jiliilosophcr he was the first to break with the ruling scholasticism. He taught that God passes over into the world, but does not become the world. As a mathematician and natural philoso- pher he first tauglit the revolution of the earth about the sun and the plurality of worlds: as critic he declared the so-called "Donation of C'on- stantine' to be a forgery. His most important writings have been translated into German by F. A. Scharpfl' (Freiburg, 1862), who also pub- lished the first part of a biography (ilainz, 1842), and subsequently Der Cardinal iind Bischof ^'iknlaus ron Cusa (Tiibingen, 1871). Consult, also : Falkenburg, Grundmge der Fhilosophie des yikoJaus von Cusa (Breslau, 1S80) ; Schanz, Cardinal Jilcolaus von Cusa als Malhcmaiiker (Eottweil, 1872); id., Die as- tronomischcn Aiischaiinngcn des Nikolaus von Cusa und seine Zeit (Eottweil, 1873). CU'SACK, M.RY France.s (1820-99). An Irish nun, known as the XtN OF IvENiL-^EE. She ■was born near Dublin, Ireland, and spent her youth in England, where she joined an Episco- palian sisterhood. She later became a convert to Catholicism and upon her return to Ireland took a deep interest in the Franciscan sisterhoods known as "Poor Clares.' organized for the pur- pose of providing poor and friendless girls with a useful education, tluis enabling them to become self-supporting. From 1861 to 1884 she con- ducted the celebrated Convent of Poor Clares, established by her at Kenmare. In the latter year Pope Leo XIII. gave his personal sanction to the founding of the somewhat similar Order known as "Sisters of Peace,' whose sphere of activity however, was more extensive. After the establishment of a house in Nottingham, Eng- land, in 1SS4. a liranch of the Order was success- fully founded at .Jersey City, N. J. (1885). The movement has had considerable sympathy and support among Irish Catholics both in Europe iind in the United States, which country the founder visited in 1886. Among her published works are the following: A Student's ilanual of Irish Hisiori/ (1870); Woman's Work in Modern Societi/ (1874) ; The Book of the Blessed Ones; and lives of Saint Patrick, Saint Bridget, Saint Columba, and Patrick O'Connell. Consult The Snn of Kenmare: An- Autoiiography (Bos- ton. 1888). CXTSACK-SMITH, Sir Berky (18.59—). An English legislator. He was bom at Dublin, and was educated at the iliddle Temple. After act- ing for one year as Consul at Samoa and deputy- eommissioner for the Western Pacific, he was in 1891 sent as Consul - General to Valparaiso, whence he was again transferred in 1892 to the Tokelau Islands. As special judicial commis- sioner to Samoa he acted conjointly with the consuls of Germany and the United States as receiver and custodian of the revenues of the islands and as president of the municipality of Apia. He returned to England in 1897, where he was shortly afterwards knighted by Queen 'ictoria. From .June. 1900. to December, 1901, he was charge d'affaires at Santiago. CUS'CTJS. The native name in the Papuan Archipelago of certain phalangers nmch esteemed as food. See Ph.i. ger, and Plate of Phalan- GER.S A^•n Da.STI'RE.S. CXJSCUS. See Vetiver, and Plate. CUS'CUTA. See Dodder. CUSH (Heb. Kush). The eldest son of Ham, according to the genealogical scheme given in the tenth chapter of Genesis. In the Bible, he seems to be regarded as the eponymous ancestor of the Cushites, or people of the' land of Cush, a country mentioned in a number of passages of the Old Testament. The Babylonian Nimrod is also said (Gen. x. 8) to have been a son of Cush. The 'Land of Cush' is rendered '.Ethi- opia' in the Septuagint, in the Vulgate, and in most modern versions of the Bible, and until comparatively recent times the country has been generally identified with the ancient Ethiopia (i.e. Nubia), called by the Egyptians Kosh, though some scholars have supposed that it also included a portion of Arabia. Some modern critics believe that, in Gen. x., Cush (v. 6) the brother of Mizraim (Egj'pt) and Cush (v. 8) the father of the Babylonian Nimrod are two diti'erent persons, and that the name of the second Cush represents Kashslin, an old name for Babylonia. They further maintain that the Arabian Cushites (Gen. x. 7) were also of a dilTerent stock, and that thus, under the same name, three different peoples are confused in the biblical account. Other scholars, however, ad- hering to the older view, believe that the dark Ethiopian race once extended across Arabia into, or even beyond. Babylonia. CtrSHAT, kush'at (AS. euseeote, ring-dove, from ciicii. quick + seeotan, to shoot; so called from the bird's swift flight), or Cusiiie-doo ( Scotch ) . A dove. CtrSHING, kush'ing, Caleb (1800-79). An -Uucrican statesman, the first .American Minister Plenipotentiary to China. He was born at Salisbury, Mass., and was educated at Harvard, where he graduated when seventeen years old. He practiced law at Newbui-yport, and was elected to the State Legislature in 1825 and to the State Senate in 1826. From 1829 to 1831 he traeled in Europe. He was elected to Congress in 1835, and sei"ved four terms as a Whig, but afterwards joined the Democratic Party. Presi- dent Tyler nominated him as Secretary of the Treasury, but the Senate rejected the nomina- tion. Tyler then appointed him Minister to China, where new ports were to be opened ac- cording to the Treaty of Nanking. Here he made good use of his erudition and talents. When he arrived, February 24, 1844. at Canton in the frigate Brandywine, he had already made the general outline of the treaty, which greatly abridged the subsequent negotiations. The Peking Government honored the Ignited States by sending as High Treaty Commissioner Ki- Ying, a member of the Imperial family, who. on July 3. 1844, signed the convention, which con- tained sixteen provisions not included either in the English Treaty of Nanking or in the treaty supplementary thereto. Among these was the right of Christian missionaries to follow the openings of commerce and to build dwelling- houses, churches, and hospitals and to have cemeteries, while Chinese scholars acting as teachers or assistants were to be protected from injury. The purchase of books was legalized, and American citizens were forbidden to engage in the opium trade, or to use the flag of the JTnited States to cover a violation of the laws of China. In short, this treaty, because of its
