GUSHING. 683 CUSHMAN. fullness of detail ami clear exhibition of the rights coneccli'd by tlic Cliinese Government to foreigners dwelling within its borders, was the leading r.utliority in settling disputes until IStiO, uhen foreigners were admitted to Pelcing. After his return to the United States Gushing advocated the Mexican War, and furnished the necessary funds to equip a regiment of whieli he was made colonei. He subsequently rose to be briga- dier-general. In 1852 he became associate justice of the Supreme Court of iSlassachusetts, and in 1853 entered the Cabinet of President Pierce as Attorney-General, serving through the entire ad- ministration. ?Ie favored the Union cause dur- ing the Civil War. When the arbitration of the 'Alabama Claims' was to be settled at Geneva in 1871, President Grant chose ilr. Gushing as one of the three men who were to be counsel for the United States. In 1873 he was nominated Chief Justice of the I'nited States, but the nomination was withdrawn. From 187-1 to 1877 he was Minister of the United States at the Court of Spain. !Mr. Gushing was a man of unusual erudition and of rare ability, imposing in person and forcible in argument. He was the author of The Practical Principles of Political Eco>ioiny (1826); The Growth and Territorial Progress ■of the United States (1839); Reminiscences of Upain (1833); Historical Review of the Late Revolution in France (1833) ; The Treaty of Wasli ington ( 1873 ) . GUSHING, Frank Hamilton (1857-1900). An American ethnologist. He was born at Northeast, Pa., spent his boyhood on a farm in New York State, and at the age of sixteen began excavations on the sites of Indian camps. He studied for a time at Cornell University in 1875, and in 1876 had charge of a part of the National Museum collection at the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia. He went to New- Mexico in 1879 as assist^int ethnologist of the United States Bureau of Ethnology, and re-' mained for three years among the ZuiJi Indians. He was adopted into the tribe, made a thorough study of the habits, folk-lore, language, and history of the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico and Arizona, and became the recognized author- ity in this branch of American ethnologj'. In 189G he conducted the Pepper-Hearst Expedition to the Gulf coast of Florida, and published a Report on the Ancient Key Dwellers of Florida. Among his publications are: Zuni Fetiches (1881); The Relationship Between Ziiiii Socio- logic and Mijthic Si/stems (1882); The Nation of the Willows (1882); ^{dventures in Zuni (1883) : and Studies of Ancient Piiehlo Keramic Art, as lllnstratire of Zuni Culture Growth (1884). A volume entitled Zuni Folk-Tales was published posthumously in 1902. GUSHING, Hakby Alonzo (1870—). An American educator, born at Lynn, Mass. He graduated at Amherst College in 1891, studied at Columbia University, and was appointed a lectur- er in history and constitutional law at Columbia. In 1895 he became connected with the faculty of political science at that institution. He was also admitted to the bar. and practiced law in New York City. His publications include, besides an edition of The Writings of Samuel Adams, a His- tory of the Transition from Provincial to Com- monwealth Government in Massachusetts (1896). Vol. v.— h. GUSHING, LiTiiER Stear.ns (1803-50). An American lawyer and law reporter, best known as the author of a Manual of Parliamentary Practice, or Vushing's Manual (1845). He was a native of Massachusetts and was judge of the Court of Common Pleas in Boston and reporter for the Supreme Court of the State, in connection with which he published eiglit volumes of reports. GUSHING, Thomas (1725-88). An Ameri- ■ m statesman, born in Boston. He was a graduate of Harvard, and president of the General Court, or legislative body of Massa- chusetts, as well as a member of the Massachu- setts Provincial Congress and the Fir^t and Second Continental Congresses. In England he had the groundless reputation before the outbreak of the war of being the great leader of the American revolutionary movement, and Dr. .lohnson, in some of his pamphlets, accused him of aiming at an American crown. At home, however, he made himself unpopular by opposing tlic Declaration of Independence. In" 17SS Ik; was a member of the convention which ratiiied the Federal Consti- tution for ilassachusetts. GUSHTITG, William (1732-1810). An Ameri- can jurist, born at Scituate, Mass. He was ap- pointed Chief Justice of the State Superior Court in 1777; became an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1789, and in 1790 declined the Chief-Justiceship, for which he had been nominated by Washington. He was a founder of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. GUSHING, William Barker (1842-74). An American naval officer, born in Delalield. Wis. He studied at the United States Naval Academy from 1857 to 1861, and at the outbreak of the Civil War entered the United States Navy as a olunteer. In 1862 he was promoted to be lieu- tenant. He soon becanu' conspicuous for his fearless and successful performance of perilous tasks assigned to him, the most notable of which was the destruction by torpedo of the Confed- erate ram Albemarle, on the night of October 27, 1864, at her moorings in Plymouth Harbor, X. G. This exploit won him the thanks of Congress and the rank of lieutenantcnnimander. Later he served in the Pacific and Asiatic squadrons and was commissioned commander in 1872. CUSHION DANCE. Originally an old coun- try dance in triple time, which was introduced into court at the time of Elizabeth. The dance was very simple; a performer took a cushion and after daiicing for a few minutes stopped and sang. '■This dance it will no further go;" the nuisician then sang. "I pray you, good sir. why say you so?" The" dancer an.swcred, "Because Joan San- derson will not come to," and upon the musician's replying, "She must come to, whether she will or no," the dancer threw the cushion before one of the spectiitors. The one so selected had to kneel on the cushion and allow the dancer to kiss her, after which she repeated the dance. CUSHMAN, kush'man, Charlotte Saunders (1816-76). A celebrated American actress, best remembered perhaps for her acting of Meg Mer- rilies in Scott's fhiy Mannering. She was born in Boston, July 23, 1816, of Puritan descent, and was the eldest of five children left poor with their mother by the early death of their father.
