DAiE. 741 DALEMBERT. DALE, PaciiARD ( 175(;-18i!6). An American naval otlicer. At the opening of the Revolu- tionary War. he entered the Knglish service, hut afterwards joined the American Navy, served under John Barry in the hrig Lejcini/toii, and later as tirst lieutenant under Paul Jones, and gained distinction in the engagement between the Hon Hoiiuiic Iticltiinl and the .S'crapi'.s'. He Alas several times taken prisoner. After the declaration of peace with England he was ap- pointed captain, and in 1801 had command of the squadron sent against Tripoli. ( See Bar- i!ARY Powers, War.s with.) He resigned in 1802 and spent the rest of his life in retirement. DALE, EoDERT William (1820-95). An Eng- lish Congregational minister and author. He was born in London, graduated at the University of London in 1853, and in the same year was ordained to the ministry. He was chairman of the Congregational L'nion in 1868 and ISOlt; edited The CoiifircgatioiiuUst for seven years; and in 1877 visited the United States to give the Lyman Beecher lectures on preachrng at the Yale Divinity School. He wa.s' the first English- man to give this course. His pastorate was for many years in Birmingham, wdiere, besides being a strong leader in the affairs of his own Church, he was influential in politics. Among his pub- lications are: The Jevish Temple and the f'liris- tian Church (18631; The Atonement (1875); Impressions of America (1878); and The Fel- lowship of Christ ( 1891). DALE, Sir Thomas ( ? -1619). A colonial Governor of Virginia. He served for some time as an English officer in the Xetherlands, and in 1606 was knighted by King James. In 1611 he was sent to Virginia, by the London Company, with supplies, and, in the absence of Lord de la Warr (q.v. ), the Governor-General, assumed con- trol of the Government. He was nominally re- lieved in August of this year, by Sir Thomas Gates, but nevertheless remained the leading spirit of the colony, holding the position of High- Marshal, and from 1614 to 1616 was again in full control. He returned to England in 1616; was jiut in command of a fleet sent out by the East India Company against the Dutch in 1618; defeated a Dutch fleet off the site of the present Batavia in Xovember of this year; and in 1619 died at INIasulipatam. India. His administration in Virginia was remarkable for its pitiless severity. Finding the colonists dejected, listless, and dis- inclined to work, he placed them under martial law, and inaugurated a code known as 'Dale's Code,' whose rigor has become proverbial. The years 1611-1616 were long known among the col- onists as 'the five years of slavery.' Dale founded a new settlement at Henrico, overcame the Ap- pomattox Indians, and by apportioning some of the lands amonir private individuals, took the first step toward abolishing the pernicious communal system. His administration of affairs was approved by the London Company, and Sir Edwin Sandys (q.v.), one of the most influential members, said in 1619 that "Dale . . . with great and constant severity reclaymed almost miraculously those idle and disordered people, and reduced them to labor and an honest fashion of life." !Much information concerning Dale and his administration is given in Brown, The Genesis of the Vnifed States (Boston. 1890). and The First Republic in America (Boston. 1898). A copy of 'Dale's Laws' may l)e found in Force, Triiets and Other Papers Relating to the Colonies in America, Yo iii. (Washington, 183(i-4(>). Con- sult also Prince, "The First Criminal Code of Virginia," in the Report of the American tlistori- eiil Socirhi for 1S99 (Washington, 1900). DALECARLIA, dii'lc-kiir'li-a, or DALAR- NE, dii'liir-nc. An old province of Sweden, now forming the Lan of Kopparberg or Falun. The Dalecarlians are celebrated for the part they took under (iustavus Vasa in freeing their country from the yoke of Christian II. of Denmark. D'ALEMBERT, da'liiN'bar' (1717-83). The assumed name of .Jean le Kond, a French mathe- matician, philosopher, and encyclopaedist. He was the natural son of Chevalier Destouches and Ma- dame de Tencin, and was left as an infant on the steps of the Chapel of Saint Jean le Kond. from which he received his name. He was tenderly reared by a glazier's wife, his father contributing secretly to his support, and was educated by Jansenists at the Coll&ge Mazarin, where he showed a brilliant promise in mathematics, phy- sics, and astronomy, to which he reverted after essaying law and medicine. At twenty-two he ))ul)lished a scholarly iletnoire sur le calcul in- tegral, at twenty-four another, .S'wr la r^-fraction des corps solides. His Traitc de dijnamique (1743) marks an epoch in mechanical philosophy. This work is based on the theory known as D'Alerabert's principle, discovered by him at the age of twenty-six, and expressed in the proposi- tion; The impressed forces are equivalent to the ettective force. His Reflexions sur la, cause gcnerale des vents (1744) contains the first conception of the calculus of partial differences. In 1749 he published the first analytical solution of the precession of the equinoxes. He was made a member of the Acad- emy of Sciences in 1741, and in 1754 of the French Academy, whose perpetual secretary he became in 1772. As such he wrote a series of Eloges of members decea.sed between 1770 and 1772. In 1751 he undertook, with Diderot, the editing of the great French Enci/clopcdie, and, though he withdrew from the editorship in 1758, because of Government interference with the puli- lication, he continued to contribute articles in science and philosophy. Ver^' noteworthy is his preliminary discourse, or general introduction, to the work, in which he traces in broad outlines the evolution of human society, civilization, sci- ence, and art. An article of his on Geneva involved him in a celebrated dispute with Rous- seau on the merits of Calvinism and the stage as teachers of morals. Meantime his scientific work had attracted the attention of Frederick II., who repeatedl.v offered him the presidency of the Berlin Academy. Catharine II. of Russia of- fered him (176'2) 100.000 francs a year as tutor to her son. This he also declined. David Hume left him a legacy of £200. and on the recommen- dation of Pope Benedict XIV. he was admitted to membership in the Institute of Bologna (1755). But he continued to live simply, being by nature a plain, independent, bluff, benevolent, though sometimes rude man. He was a total abstainer from alcohol. His last years are closely associ- ated with the name of Jllle. de I'Espinas.se (q.v.), whom he learned to admire at the literary salon of Mine, du Deffand (q.v.). She nursed him dur- ing a serious illness in 1705, and they were never
