his native canton; was elected a member and in 1857 president of the Federal Court; and in 1864 and 1868 was elected president of the Confederation. In politics he was liberal and progressive. Among his publications are: Die Schweizer Demokratie, in ihrer Fortentwickelung (1866); and Das öffentliche Recht der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft (1877-78).
DUBUFE, dụ′bụf′, Claude Marie (1790-1864). A French artist, born in Paris. He was a pupil of David, and began by painting mythological subjects. The best of this class is the “Apollon et Cyparisse” (in the Luxembourg). In 1827 he exhibited “Les Regrets” and “Les Souvenirs,” which were very successful. He then gave himself up to the painting of genre pictures and portraits. Among these latter are Louis Philippe and his daughter the Queen of the Belgians.
DUBUFE, Edouard (1820-83). A French portrait and figure painter, born in Paris. He was a pupil of his father, Claude Marie Dubufe, and of Paul Delaroche, and his earlier works were mostly religious. His chief success, however, was in portrait painting, to which he afterwards confined himself. His works were well drawn, and their good finish, together with their smooth and elegant coloring, made them popular, especially among ladies of rank. Among his sitters were the Empress Eugénie (1853), Rosa Bonheur (1857), the Princess Mathilde (1861), and the Marquise de Gallifet. Among his portraits of men, which are better than those of women, were “Gounod” (1867), “Dumas fils” (1873), and “Emille Augier” (1876), in the Museum of the Luxembourg. Besides his portraits, the best-known of his paintings are “The Peace Congress of 1856 at Paris” (1857, in the Gallery of Versailles), and the “Prodigal Son” (1866), in the manner of Paul Veronese. He received the Cross of the Legion of Honor in 1837, and a first-class medal in the Salon of 1844. Consult Stranahan, A History of French Painting (New York, 1899).
DUBUFE, Edouard Marie Guillaume (1853—). A French painter, born in Paris. He was the pupil of his father, Edouard Dubufe, and of Mazerolle. His works include figures and portraits, but he is especially known by his large allegorical paintings, executed with much freedom and skill in design. Notable among these are his “Sacred and Profane Music” and “The Trinity of Poets.” He decorated with great elegance the ceiling of the foyer of the Comédie Française, portions of the Hôtel de Ville, of the Salle des fêtes de l'Elysée, and the new Sorbonne. He received a first-class medal in 1889, and was made a member of the Legion of Honor in the same year.
DUBUQUE, do͞o-būk′. A city, port of entry, and county-seat of Dubuque County, Ia., 167 miles west-by-north of Chicago, Ill., and 200 miles northeast of Des Moines; on the west bank of the Mississippi River, and on the Illinois Central; the Chicago Great Western; the Chicago, Burlington and Northern; and the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul railroads (Map: Iowa, G 2). It has communication by boat with other points on the river, and is connected with the opposite shore by three bridges, one of which, 2000 feet long and 56 feet above high water, cost $135,000. Dubuque is built on and at the foot of picturesque bluffs. The business district occupies the lower level, and is regularly laid out with broad streets. The city has a public library; a fine United States Government building, including the post-office, custom house, Federal courts, etc.; seven asylums and hospitals; and many educational institutions, among which are several Roman Catholic colleges and academies, Wartburg Seminary (Lutheran), the German Presbyterian Theological School of the Northwest, and the Iowa Institute of Science and Arts. Dubuque is an important market for agricultural produce, and the centre of a large wholesale and jobbing trade, and of the lead and zinc mining industry of the Northwest. It has railway repair shops, enamel-works, flouring and lumber mills, pork-packing houses, iron and brass foundries, breweries, and manufactures of boots and shoes, carriages and wagons, agricultural implements, hardware, leather, furniture, toys, notions, bricks, oils, engines, boilers, steel ship-hulls, barrels, brooms, pearl buttons, sashes, doors, blinds, etc. Some war vessels for the Federal Government have been constructed at Dubuque. The annual income and expenditures of the city amount to about $660,000 and $560,000, respectively; the principal items of expense being $30,000 each for the fire and police departments, and $100,000 for schools. The oldest city in the State, Dubuque was named in honor of Julien Dubuque, a French Canadian who settled here in 1778. The first permanent settlement dates from 1833; four years later it was incorporated as a town, and in 1840 it was chartered as a city. Population, in 1880, 22,254; in 1890, 30,311; in 1900, 36,297.
DUC, dụk, Joseph Louis (1802-79). A French architect, born in Paris, and a pupil of Percier at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. He won the Prix de Rome in 1825. While still a young man, he was chosen with Alavoine to design the monument in the Place de la Bastille (1840). In 1854 he and the architect Dommey began to enlarge and rebuild the Palais de Justice. Duc gave himself entirely to this task, which occupied him about twenty-five years. It is an imposing mass of buildings in the Neo-Classic style. Upon its completion Napoleon III. presented him with the exceptional prize of 100,000 francs, a portion of which the architect set aside to establish a biennial prize for high studies in architecture. He was made a member of the Institute in 1866, and inspector-general of all civil buildings in 1871. His other works include the monuments to Duban and Henri Cahieux.
DU CAMP, dụ käN′, Maxime (1822-94). A French author, born in Paris. His more important books are: Paris: ses organes, ses fonctions, sa vie (6 vols., 1869-75), and a history of the Commune, Les convulsions de Paris (4 vols., 1878-79). His poems are gathered in Les chants modernes (1855), and Les convictions (1858). His best novel is Mémoires d'un suicide (1853). He wrote, also, Egypte, Nubie, Palestine et Syrie (1852); was one of the founders of the Revue de Paris (1851-58), and a frequent contributor to the Revue des Deux Mondes.
DU CANGE, dụ käNzh, Charles du Fresne (1610-88). A French scholar, one of the greatest of the seventeenth century, born at Amiens. He became Government treasurer in his native town, but devoted his entire life to the study of the
