ERDMANN. 179 ERECH. Silesia, the son of Joliaini Eduard Erdmanti. He was made professor successively at Kiel in 1877, at Breslau in 1884, at Halle in 1890, and then al Bonn. His works, devoted principally to the kani ian philosophy, include the following: hauls Kritizismus (1878); Nachtrage stu hauls Kritik der reinen Vernunft (1881); Reflexionen hauls zur kritisehen I'liiluso/iliie (1882-84) ; I'si/cholo- ffische Vntersuchungen iiber das Lesen auf ex- perimental* * Qrundlage (1898). His most im- portant systematic work is his Logik (Halle, 1892, et seq.). ERDMANN, David (1821—). A 1'roteslant theologian. He was born at Giistebiese, Province of Brandenburg, and was educated at Berlin, where in 1850 he became assistant preacher in the cathedral. In 1856 he became professor of theology at Kcinigsberg, and in 1804 was ap- pointed Superintendent-General of Silesia at Bres- lau. His appointment as Superior Consistorial Counselor followed in 1889. The following are a few of his principal works: Lieben und Leiden der er.it en Christen (1854) ; Die Reformation and ihre Miirtyrer in Italien (1855); Luther und die Hohenzollern (2d ed. 1884). ERDMANN, Johann Eduard (1805-92). A German philosopher. He was born at Wolmar, Li- vonia, studied theology at Dorpat, attended the lec- tures of Schleiermacher and Hegel at Berlin, and then became pastor in his native town. In 1834 he became privat-docent in philosophy at Berlin, and in 1836 he was appointed professor of philos- ophy at Halle. His many writings on philosoph- ical subjects show his sympathy with Hegel's ideas, and he was one of his prominent disciples. As a teacher and lecturer he was extremely popular. His most important work is his Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie (1866, Etig. trans. 1892), which is still in the later edi- tions a most useful book. Among his other numerous works may be mentioned Grundriss der Psychologie ( 1840) , and Grundriss der Logik und Metapliysik (1841). ERDMANN, Otto Linn£ (1804-69). A Ger- man chemist, born in Dresden. He studied at 'the Academy of Medicine and Surgery in Dres- den, then devoted himself to chemistry, and after several years of theoretical study and industrial work, became in 1827 professor of industrial chemistry at the University of Leipzig, from which he had graduated with the degree of doc- tor of philosophy in 1824. Among his valuable contributions to chemistry deserve mention: his atomic weight determinations, his investigations of the properties of nickel, and his researches on illuminating gas and a number of dyestuffs. He wrote: Grundriss der Warenkunde (1833; 12th ed. 1895); TJeber das Studium der Chemic (1861), which has been translated into several European languages, etc. He was the founder and for several years editor of the Journal fur technische und bkonomische Chemie, and later edited the Journal fiir praktische Chemie. ERDMANNSDORFFER, ert'mans-der'fer, Bebnhard (1833-1901). A German historian. He was born at Altenburg. and after studying at Jena and Berlin, went to Italy for the purpose of carrying on philological and historical investiga- tions. He was appointed professor extraordinary of history at the University of Berlin in 1869. and subsequently held full professorships at Greifswald, Breslau, and Heidelberg. Among his principal works may be mentioned: lie Com- mi rim i/timi inter Venetos ei Germanice Civita Evo Medio Intercessil (1858); Deutsche <;■■ schiohte vom Westfdlisehen Frieden bis z/wm Kegierungsantritt Friedrichs des Grossen (1888, et seq.). ERDMANNSDORFFER, .Max (1818—). A German musician, lie was born at Nuremberg, and from L863 to 1809 studied at the eonserva tories of Leipzig and Dresden. After conducting the Court orchestra at Sondershau en from 1S7I to 1880, he was in 1882 appointed director of the Imperial Musical Society at Moscow, and pro- fessor in the Conservators there. As the founder of the Students' Orchestral Society at the latter institution (1885) he contributed greatly to the development of a genuine musical spirit among its pupils. He was leader of the Philharmonic Society at Bremen from 1889 to 1895. He subse- quently became conductor of the Symphony Con- certs at Saint Petersburg for a short time, and was in 1890 appointed leader of the Court orchestra at Munich. His works include: I'ritizessiu Use (1870); Krluii-riritlelien (1873); and Traumkbnig und sein Lieb, forest-legends for soli, chorus, and orchestra. ER'EBUS (Lat, from Gk. £pe/Sos, erebos, dark- ness, connected most probably with Goth, rikwis, Skt. rajas, darkness; less plausibly with Gk. 6p4>p-n, orphne, night). A term used specially to denote the darkness of the lower world, and hence the lower world itself, whence Hercules brought Cerberus, and whither the souls of the departed go. In the mythographers, Erebus is called a son of Chaos. EREBUS AND TERROR. Two volcanoes in South Victoria Land (q.v. ). Mount Erebus is 12,370 feet high, and was active when the two were discovered by Sir J. C. Ross in 1841 (Map: Antarctic Region, D 8). Mount Terror, situated about 30 miles farther east and nearer the coast, is about 10.900 feet high and is probably extinct. The volcanoes received their names from the two vessels used by Ross in his expedition. E'REC AND E'NID. A metrical romance by Chrestien de Troves, recounting the fortunes of an Arthurian knight who marries the niece of a vanquished enemy, sinks into the slothful enjoy- ment of the pleasures of love, is quickened to renewed action by the reproaches of his vassals, and, with his wife, goes forth to seek knightly adventures. ERECH, e'rek (Assyrian TJruk, Gk. "Op X oy, Orchog, Heb. Erek) . A city in ancient Babylonia. Its site is at the modern village of Warka, where large mounds and numerous ruins testify to its extent in former times. Excavations on the spot have furnished a few documents from the time of Dungi, Ur Bau, and Gudea, kings of Ur in the first half of the third millennium B.C. ; from the days of Singashid, when Erech was the capi- tal of the State of Amnana; and from the period of Mardukapaliddin (b.c. 721-710). The city is frequently referred to in Assyrian and Babylo- nian literature. Its foundation is ascribed to Mar- duk, but its most famous shrine was the Temple of Nana. As this goddess was carried into Elamitish captivity for 1635 years. Ishtar took her place until the restoration. Erech is the scene of many important myths. Its situation rendered it comparatively secure against inva-
