Its Oriental policy, under the new conditions, can hardly be said to be determined.
The politics of China, like those of the whole Asiatic continent, are turning more and more upon railways. Already southern transcontinental lines are projected, and in the near future the question of the Far East promises to merge with that of the Nearer East and with the general issues of world politics. The anti-foreign outbreak of 1900, which brought the Powers together on common ground for a few weeks, only served to show how far they are from agreement and common action in Oriental affairs. The various phases and details of the question may be profitably studied in the following works, all of which are reliable in their facts and of practical value: Reinsch, World Politics at the End of the Nineteenth Century us Influenced by the Oriental Situation (New York, 1900), a useful manual with good lists of references; Norman, Peoples and Politics of the Far East (New York, 1897); Curzon, Problems of the Far East (2 vols., New York, 1896); Beresford, The Break-Up of China (New York, 1899); Colquhoun, China in Transformation (New York, 1898); id., Overland to China (New York, 1900); Leroy-Beaulieu, The Awakening of the East, trans. from the French (New York, 1900); Vladimir (pseud.), The China-Japan War (London); id., Russia on the Pacific and the Siberian Railway (London, 1899); Conant, The United States in the Orient (Boston, 1900). More detailed accounts of some of the events bearing upon this question, the general issues of which are here stated, will be found in the articles Chinese Empire and Japan.
FAREL, fȧ′rĕl′, Guillaume (1489-1565). A friend of Calvin and active promoter of the Reformation in Switzerland. He was born of noble family at Fareaux, near Gap, Dauphiné, in 1489. He studied in Paris, became professor in the Collège Le Moine, and was distinguished for his zeal for the Catholic Church. Intercourse with the Waldenses and the influence of his friend Lefèvre d'Estaples led him to accept the new teachings, and his vehement nature at once led him to attempt to make proselytes. In 1521 Bishop Briçonnet provided for him at Meaux, but his injudicious zeal compelled him to flee. He went to Basel and was kindly received by Œcolampadius, ami there, mi February 15, 1524, he publicly sustained thirteen theses on points in dispute between the Reformers and the Church. He preached in the Canton of Bern and through his exertions the towns of Aigle, Bex, Olon, Morat, and Neuchâtel embraced the Reformation. From 1532 till 1538 he labored mainly at Geneva, but was compelled temporarily to leave the city several times. In 1535 the town council of Geneva formally proclaimed the Reformation, but the organization fell into Calvin's hands rather than Farel's. Both Reformers had to leave the city in 1538, and Farel went to Neuchâtel, and did good service in setting the affairs of the Church there in order. He was present at Geneva at the burning of Servetus in 1553. In 1557 he was sent with Beza to the Protestant princes of Germany to implore aid for the Waldenses, and on his return sought a new sphere of labor in the Jura Mountains. In November, he was thrown into prison, but was soon liberated. He died at Neuchâtel, September 13, 1565. Farel's writings are not very important. Some of them may be found in Du vrai usage de la croix (Geneva, 1540; new edition, 1865). His letters are in Herminjard, Correspondance des réformateurs dans les pays de la langue française (9 vols., Geneva, 1866), and in the Corpus Reformatorum (Brunswick, 1834-1900). Consult: Kirchhofer, Das Leben Wilhelm Farel's (Zurich, 1831-33); Schmidt, Etudes sur Farel (Strassburg, 1836); and id., Wilhelm Farel und Peter Viret (Elberfeld, 1860); Bevan, William Farel (4th ed., London, 1893).
FARENSBACH, fä′rens-bäG, Jürgen von (?-1602). A Livonian general. Sent as the ambassador of Livonia to Czar Ivan the Terrible, for the purpose of concluding a treaty of peace, he entered the Russian service, and greatly distinguished himself by winning the decisive battle on the Oka against the Tatars (August 1, 1572). Afterwards he served in the Danish and Polish armies, and in 1586 was invested with the rank of a Senator of the Polish crown by Sigismund III., whom he had assisted in gaining the throne of Poland. As field-marshal of Poland he subsequently fought against Sweden, where, however, he was defeated. He was killed in the attack on the Castle of Fellin, May 17, 1602.
FAREWELL, Cape. See Cape Farewell.
FAR′FA, Abbey of. A Benedictine monastery, at one time among the richest and most famous of Italy, situated not far from Rome. It was founded in the middle of the sixth century by Saint Laurence, Bishop of Spoleto, and soon reached a position of importance, receiving endowments from the Lombard and Carolingian rulers and from the popes. The monks were driven out by the Saracen invaders in the closing years of the ninth century, and it lay desolate for fifty years. When Alberic set Odo of Cluny over all the monasteries in the neighborhood of Rome, attempts were made at reforming the ill-regulated lives of the monks, but at first without success. The zealous Abbot Hugo, however, brought in a new set of monks at the end of the tenth century, and Odilo of Cluny, visiting Italy, inspired him to introduce the Cluniac reform. Pope Nicholas II. consecrated the conventual church in 1060, and learning began to flourish in a marked degree. The librarian of the monastery, Gregory of Catina, rendered a great service to Italian history by compiling between 1105 and 1119 the Chronicon Farfense. The riches of the abbey increased greatly, and no less than 683 churches and houses were said to have been subject to the abbot. From the end of the fourteenth century it was held in commendam by cardinals, and Gregory XVI. annexed it in 1842 to the Cardinal-Bishopric of Sabina. Consult Marocco, Istoria del celebre imperial monasterio farfense (Rome, 1834).
FARGO, fär′gō̇. A city and the county-seat of Cass County, N. D., 250 miles northwest of Minneapolis, Minn., on the Red River of the North (at the head of navigation), and on the Northern Pacific, the Great Northern, and the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul railroads (Map: North Dakota, J 3). Fargo is an important grain market, and has an extensive jobbing trade in agricultural implements, groceries, and notions. It has a public library, a United States land office, Saint John's Hospital, Fargo College
