FERN. 547 FERNANDEZ MADRID. in rooky woods from Labrador to Alaska, and southward into the United States. It is also found in the Amies of Smith America. The part of the plant which is of commercial importance is the rootstoek, which should be gathered between .August and October, when its active constituents are most abundant. It. is slightly tonic and astringent, but its chief use is as an anthelmintic, especially against tapeworms, for which it is con- sidered a specific. This property of the male fern lias long been known and is mentioned in the writings of Dioseorides, Theophrastus, Galen, Pliny, and others. The principal constituents of the rootstoek are a greenish oil, the color being due to cholorphyll, a volatile oil. resin, and tilicic acid, the latter being considered the active prin- ciple. FERN, Sweet. See Sweet-Fern. FERNANDEZ, Span. pron. fer-niin'-deth, Juan (1536-1602). A Spanish navigator. For forty years Fernandez was the leading pilot on the Southern Pacific coast. He made numerous voyages between the Spanish headquarters at Panama and the Peruvian and Chilean settle- ments. It is reported that he also made a voy- age westward and visited the unknown lands of New Zealand or Australia, but this is extremely improbable. As the prevailing southern winds and shore currents made the voyage down the coast extremely slow, he was accustomed to sail well out to sea, with the result that he made the voyage in one-third the time taken by the vessels which hugged the shore from cape to cape. His rivals declared that he was aided by the powers of evil, and he acquired the nickname of the 'Wiz- ard.' On one of these voyages, probably in 1562, he hit upon the desert island which has since borne his name. He took possession of it, made a settlement there of sixty Indians, and tried to establish a fishing station. He soon failed and returned to the mainland, leaving on the island a few goats, wdiose descendants have been its principal inhabitants ever since. A friend took pity on the old and poverty-stricken sailor and gave him a plot of land at Quillota. in the Chilean mountains, where be settled down, after marry- ing, about 1590 or 1592. He left one son, from whom descended a large family of sailors. Con- sult: Vincuna-Mackenna, Juan Fernandez, his- loria verdadera de la isla de Robinson Crusoe (Santiago de Chile, 1883). FERNANDEZ DE CASTRO, fer-nan'deth da ku'strd, Manuel ( 1825 — ) . A Spanish geolo- gist. He was born in Madrid, and after graduat- ing at the School of Mines there, traveled in various countries to study their railroad systems. The system of railroad signals suggested by him in his La electricidad y los caminos de hierro (1857) has been generally adopted. He was en- gaged in Government mining and geological work from 1859-69 when he became professor at the Madrid School of Mines. He was appointed direc- tor of the commission on the geological map of Spain in 1873. , FERNANDEZ DE CORDOBA, kGr'd6-va, Diego, Marquis of Guadalcfizar. A Spanish ad- ministrator of the seventeenth century, viceroy of Mexico and Peru. He was born, probably, at Cordova, and was a descendant of Gon- zalo de Cordoba, 'the Gi-eat Captain.' He was Viceroy of Mexico from October 18. 1612, until March 14, 1621. In 1616 he suppressed a serious revolt of the Tepehuan tribe of Indians, who bod murdered several Jesuit missionaries hving among them. While in Mci.o he founded the c-it ies of Lerma (1613), I ordoba | 1618 1 . and Guadaleazar IlliliO), and during his viceroyalty the aqueduct from Chapultepei to Mexico l>y way oi s.i ii r.,- 1 in' was completed. 'I i ansferred to Peru, Fernandez governed thai province as Vice- roy, from duly, 1622, to January, 1629, during which time he repelled the corsairs who ravaged the coast. In ](i2:S the Dutch under .1 1 1 iin i it . w it ii a squadron equipped « ith I . ( "i men and 300 cai n. blockaded Callao for six months and attempted to take Lima. During his administration of the province, Peru prospered and enjoyed a considerable degree of internal peace and quiet. Fernandez returned to Spain in 1029. FERNANDEZ DE LA CTJEVA, la kwa'va, Francisco, Duke of Albuquerque (c.1610-?). A Spanish administrator, lie was Viceroy of Mex- ico from 1653 to I860, and as such is said to have encouraged science and art, and built up the City of Mexico, but to have been excessively fond of display. The great cathedral of Mexico was completed and dedicated during his administra- tion. In September, 1660, he was appointed Vice- roy of Sicily. FERNANDEZ DE LA CTJEVA HENRI- QUEZ, an-re'kath, Francisco, Duke of Albu- querque. A Spanish administrator of the eigh- teenth century, a grandson of Francisco de la I ueva. He was Viceroy of Mexico from November '-'7. 1702, to January 15, 1711. His term as Vice- roy, like that of his grandfather, was marked by no great event, but was remarkable rather for the vast sums of money he squandered in order to maintain his splendid court, which far surpassed that of his predecessors, and rivaled in pomp the most brilliant courts of Europe. The town of Albuquerque, N. M., founded at this time, was named in his honor. FERNANDEZ DE PALENCIA, da palan the'a, Diego (c. 1520-81). A Spanish soldier and author. He was horn at Palencia, Spain, and in 1545 went to Peru, where he served in the Civil War of 1553-54. Appointed historiographer by the Viceroy Hurtado de Mendoza in 1556. he wrote his celebrated work Primera y segunda parte de la historia del Peru (1571), which was an account of the Spaniards in Peru from 1544 to 1564. It is generally considered an authoritative work, and is the best contemporary account of I tie conquest of Peru, although some critics have ac- cused the author of partiality. FERNANDEZ MADRID, ma-dreo', Jose (1789-1829). A South American physician, statesman, and poet. He was born at Cartagena, Xew Granada (Colombia), and was educated at Bogota. He took an active part in the revolt against Spanish rule, was a deputj to the revolu- tionary Convention at Cartagena, and upon the establishment of the Republic of New- Granada was chosen a repre-tmtat i e in its first general Congress. On March 14. 1816. he became Pn dent of Xew Granada, but was captured by the Spaniards and sent to Havana. Cuba, where for nine years he practiced as a physician, and also achieve. 1 considerable distinction as an author. Upon his return to Xew Granada in 1825. he was appointed by Simon Bolivar Minister to England. In June, 1820, he founded F.l Argos, a scientific
