FLAMSTEED. 70;') FLANDERS. observation up to his time, was not published till 1725. Consult Baily, Account of the Rev. John Flamsteed (London, 1835). FLAN'AGAN, RODERICK (1828-61). An Aus- tralian journalist, born in Ireland, but taken by his parents to Sydney at the age of twelve, lie learned his trade in a printing-office, was a re- porter for the daily papers, started with his brother a short-lived weekly, and afterwards became editor-in-chief of The Empire, wherein he advocated the better treatment of Australian aborigines. By 1854 lie was on the .--tall' id the Sydney Morning Herald, but labored so hard at his History of New South nh-.s that he died from overwork while in London preparing it for publication. The book was issued (1862) after bis death, and its comprehensiveness, joined to an unusual breadth of view, will prevent its being soon superseded. FLANCH'ES, or FLANQTJES, flaNk. See Heraldry. FLAND'ERS ( Flem. Vlaendcren, anciently Vlaeland, submerged land). The old name of an extensive region embracing, besides the present Belgian provinces of East and West Flanders, the southern portion of the Province of Zealand, in Holland, and the French Department of Le Nord, and constituting in the Middles Ages a powerful and almost independent principality, ruled by counts under the suzerainty of the French King. Under the Franks, the river Scheldt, which flowed through the district, formed the boundary line between Neustria and Austrasia, in consequence of which the northern and southwestern parts of the territory com- prised under the term Flanders, although its population was decidedly Germanic, came to be- long to France, while the southeast, although to a large extent non-Germanic, was after 1007 in- cluded in the Holy Roman Empire. Flanders ob- tained its name from the I landergau (pagus I'll iidreusis) , the district around Bruges and Sluis, whose counts had been made wardens of the northern coasts of France at the period of the in- cursions of the Northmen, in the latter half of the ninth century, and who extended the name of their hereditary possessions to the whole district which they governed. The first count, or mar- grave, of the country is said to have been Baldwin, surnamed Bras de Fer (Iron-Arm), who married Judith, the daughter of Charles the Bald of France, and widow of Ethelwulf, King of Eng- land, and received the newly created 'mark.' or county, as a hereditary fief from his father-in- law in 864. Baldwin died about 878. He is said to have inaugurated the industrial greatness of Flanders by introducing into the country great numbers of workmen skilled in the manufacture of woolen and other goods. Baldwin IV. With the Beard, one of the successors of Baldwin Bras de Fer. received in fee from the Emperor Henry II. the burgraviate of Ghent, Walcheren, and the island of Zealand, and thus became a prince of the Empire. He was succeeded by bis son, Baldwin V., or the Pious (1036-67). who increased his possessions by the addition of the German territory between the Scheldt and the Dender. belonging to the Duchy of Lower Lor- raine. To this he added Tournai, the sunremacy over the bishopric of Cambrai (to which, till the erection of the new bishopric of Anas, the County of Flanders had been ecclesiastically sub- ordinate), and the County of Hainaut. During tin' Middle Ages Flanders figured prominently in the political affairs of Europe thi ints of Flanders being more powerful ami wealthy than many European km;;-. Baldwin IX., the founder of the I. at in Empire at Constantinople (see Bald- win I.), died in 1206, leaving two daughters, one of whom died w il houl children ; I lie "t her bequeath- ed ! In i mi ui to John of i< n, n i s.ui by her firs! marriage, and Flanders to tiny of Dampierre, her son by ;i second marriage. Meanwhile, the industrial prosperity of Bruges, Ghent, ami other cities of Flanders had become so great thai the citizens began to feel their own powei and to claim independence. They formed re- publican communities like the tree cities of Germany, with this difference, thai thej ad- mitted the nominal suzerainty of the counts, lint they were no! afraid to take op arms in defense of their liberties against their nom- inal masters. Their resistance to arbitrary power took the form of opposition both t" the counts of Flanders as their immediate lords (see Artevelde, Jacob van), and sometimes, in con- junction with their counts, to the encroacl ml of the French King. In 1214 Philip Augustus of France gained a decisive victorj at Bouvines (q.v.) over the united forces of John of England, the Count of Flanders, and Otho I V. of Germany. In 1302 a force of 20,000 pikemen under Guy of Dampierre inflicted a crushing defeat at Courtrai on an army of 50,000 French knights, archer-, and foot soldiers. It was largely at the instill tion of the Flemings that. Edward III. of Eng- land assumed the title of King of France, and invaded that country, marking the beginning of the Hundred Years' War (q.v.). Through the mar- riage of Margaret, the daughter and heiress of Louis II., Count of Flanders, to Philip the Bold of Burgundy, in 1369, the country was united to the Burgundian's territories (1384), and after- wards shared the fortunes of that duchy. The dukes of Burgundy brought, a greater part of the former Duchy of Lower Lorraine under their do- main, and thus laid the foundation for the subse- quent union of the States of the Netherlands, in which Flanders continued to form an important part. Under this dynasty Flanders prospered, and the arts were greatly encouraged. On the death of Charles the Bold the Netherlands, which consti- tuted the most flourishing and opulent realm in Europe, passed in 1477 to the House of Hapsburg. by the marriage of his daughter Mary to the Archduke Maximilian. After the Netherlands had passed with King Philip TI. to the Spanish line of the House of Hapsburg, the territory of Flanders was considerably diminished; the por- tion called Dutch Flanders was transferred to the States-General by the Peace of Westphalia, and in the time of Louis XIV. France seized upon other portions of Flanders, and was confirmed in her possession by the treaties of Aix-la-Chapelle 1668), Nimeguen (1678), and Utrecht (1713). l'. the last, and by the treaty of peace concluded at Rastadt (1714), what remained of the Spanish Netherlands again fell into the hands of the House of Austria. In 1704 Flanders, like the other provinces of Belgium, was incorporated with the French Republic, and afterward- formed part of the Empire, as the departments of Lys and Escaut (Scheldt). The Congress of Vienna united Belgium with Holland to form the King- dom of the Netherlands. In 1830-32 Relffium
