FLANDERS. 706 liberated itself from Holland. See Flemish Lan- guage and Literature. Consult: Le Glay, Hist oire firs comtes de Flandre jusqu'a Vavine- ment de la maison de Bourgogne (Paris, 1842) ; Kervyn van Lettenhove, Histoire de Flandre (5th ed., Bruges, 1898). FLANDERS, East. A province in the north- west of Belgium, the eastern part of the former County of Flanders (q.v. ), bounded on the east by the provinces of Antwerp and Brabant, on the south by Hainaut, on the west by West Flanders, and on the north by the Dutch Prov- ince of Zealand (Map: Belgium, B 3). It has an area of 1158 square miles. The surface is low and level., and watered mainly by the Scheldt and by its affluents, the Lys and the Dender. The soil has been rendered extremely fertile by careful cultivation and an excellent fertilizing system. Besides the ordinary varieties of grain, potatoes, flax, hemp, and hops are produced in great quantities. The district in the northeast of the province, between the towns of Antwerp and Ghent, is celebrated as a flax-growing sec- tion. The province is one of the principal centres of the linen-weaving and flax-spinning industries. It has also numerous tanneries, besides paper, woolen, and lace mills. The chief exports are lace, linen, and agricultural and animal prod- ucts. Population, in 1898, 1,025,918, or about 886 to the square mile. Chief towns, Ghent (the capital). Aalst. and Dendermonde. FLANDERS, West. The westernmost prov- ince of Belgium, bordered on the south by France and on the northwest by the North Sea (Map: Belgium. A 4). It has an area of 1249 square miles. In general its surface is flat, low, and in parts marshy. There are sandy hills in the south and dunes along the coast. The Yzer and the Lys are the principal rivers. Numerous canals traverse the province. Agriculture, and particularly stock-raising, flourish, as well as manufactures, chiefly those of linens and laces. Nearly 40 per cent, of the population are engaged in manufacturing. The capital is Bruges. Other important towns are Ypres and Ostend. Popu- lation, in 1900, 805,236. FLANDERS. Henry (1826—). An American lawyer and writer, born in Plainfield, Sullivan County, N. H. He was educated at Kimball Academy and at the Newbury (Vt. ) Seminary, studied law, and after 1850 practiced at Philadel- phia. He is best known as the author of Lives and Times of the Chief Justices of the Supreme Court (2 vols., 1855-58; last ed. 1881), which contains excellent biographical sketches of Jay, Rutledge, Gushing, Ellsworth, and Marshall, and has long been a standard work. Among his other publi- cations are: A Treatiseon Maritime Law (1852); a Treatise on the Law of Shipping (1853) ; An Exposition of the Constitution of the United States (I860) ; and a Treatise on the Principles of Insurance (1871). He published an edition nf the Memoirs of Richard. Cumberland (1856). FLANDERS. MoiX. A profligate woman, the subject of De Foe's Fortunes of Midi Flanders. FLANDIN. flaN'dau', Chables (1803-91). A French chemist, born n1 Aubues. In 1829 he was intern, in Paris, and three years afterwards published his remarkable work on cholera. Prom thai time he was best known as a toxicologist. His most important works are De Varsenio FLANDRIN. (1841) and Traiti des poisons (1846-53). His discoveries in regard to the action of sulphuric acid in carbonizing organic substances led him into a long and bitter polemic with Ortila. FLANDIN, Euuene Napoleon (1809-76). A French painter and archaeologist, born in Naples. After painting several fairly successful pictures, Flandin was sent on an archaeological mission to Persia, with the architect Pascal Coste, and stayed in that country from 1839 to 1841. The valuable discoveries made there he published in a Xoyage en Perse (1843-54; 6 vols., 665 plates). He also designed the plates for Botta's works on Nineveh and Khorsabad, and published himself Le monument de Nineve (1849-50); L'Orieni (1853-74) ; and Histoire des chevaliers de Rhodes (1867-73). He is known now only for his valu- able discoveries in history and archaeology. FLANDRIN, flau'draw'. A family of French painters. Hippolyte (1809-64) was the leading member of the family, and one of the greatest religious decorators of the nineteenth century. He was the second son of a miniature painter, and was born in Lyons. He was taught by his father, and in the art schools of Lyons. In 1829 he went to Paris on foot, with his brother Paul, and entered the atelier of Ingres and the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. During all their student days the brothers lived in distress and poverty. In 1831 Hippolyte entered for the first time the competition for the Prix de Rome, and was ad- mitted to the preliminary trial, but not to the final one. The next year (1832) he was success- ful, and won the first Prix de Rome with the subject "The Recognition of Theseus by His Father." Some of the pictures painted at this time are among Flandrin's most interesting compositions. The picture of "Dante and Ver- gil" won a gold medal in the Salon of 1836. Soon after he settled in Rome, Flandrin devoted himself definitely to religious painting. In 1839 he returned to Paris. In 1840 he received a commission for the decoration of the Chapel of Saint John in the Church of Saint Severin in Paris. The success of this work brought the very important commission for the decoration of the famous old Church of Saint-Germain-des-Pivs in Paris, which had been recently restored. He painted two compositions on the walls of the church. In 1846 he was further commissioned to paint the choir of this church. Flandrin dec- orated also the new Church of Saint Paul in Ntmes, which had been built by the architect Quesnel. This work was followed by the decora- tion of the three apses of the church of the Abbey of Ainay in Lyons. Tn 1848 he received the commission for his most important work, the decoration of the great Church of Saint Vincent de Paul, built by the architect llittorff in Paris. The work was at first offered to Ingres, and afterwards to Paul Delaroche. Refused by both, the commission was finally given to Flandrin. The long frieze be t ween t he t wo superimposed a rches, represent ing a procession of saints, is his chief work, and one of the finest things in modern figure decoration. At the time of his death Flandrin had projected decorations for the Cathedra] of Strassburg, and for the Church of Saint-Augustin in Paris. He painted about fifty or sixty portraits and a small number of easel pictures. Among his portraits
