FLEISCHER. 718 years he was the editor of Biedermanns Central- blatt fur Agrikulturchemie. FLEMAX, fla'mal', or FLEMAEL, Bertho- let (1614-75). A Flemish painter, born at Liege. He studied under Girard Doullet and then went to Rome and Florence, where he lived for several years. Upon his return he stopped in Paris, and executed his most important work, a decorative painting for a church, now destroyed, near the Luxembourg (1644). His second visit to Paris was of longer duration. He became a member of the Royal Academy (1070). and painted the ceiling of the King's Chamber in the Tuileries. He was also the architect for several churches at Liege. His pictures are rare ; the most noted is "Le Christ au tombeau," in the Berlin Museum. It is well composed, but weak in color. His work shows the influence of Poussin. FLEMING, Abraham (c.1552-1607). An English poet and antiquary, born in London. He was educated at Cambridge, was chaplain to the Countess of Nottingham and afterwards rector of Saint Pancras, Soper Lane, London. Besides being an enthusiastic collector of old manuscripts he was an excellent translator of Latin and Greek into English verse, to which he frequently added original matter ; and he also assisted in the production of Holinshed's Chronicles. FLEMING, John, Lord (e.1537-72). A Scottish lord, partisan of Mary Stuart. He suc- ceeded to the title after the death of his brother James (1558); became Great Chamberlain in 1565 and Governor of Dumbarton Castle in 1567. He was with Mary at Langside and escorted her to Carlisle. The Queen wished to send him to France, but Elizabeth would not permit this. Fleming withdrew to Scotland and held Dumbarton in Mary's name, in the hope of mak- ing an entrance possible for French troops; but the castle was taken in 1571. Fleming escaped, however, and went to France. He was ship- wrecked on his return with French soldiers to take up Mary's cause, but escaped with the loss of his papers and returned to Edinburgh. Here he was accidentally shot (1572) when the French entered the city. His son, John Fleming, was first Earl of Wigton ; he died in 1619 and was succeeded by another John, who died in 1650. FLEMING, John (1785-1857). A Scottish naturalist and preacher. He was licensed :>-; a minister, and preached in Fifeshire. He devoted most of his time, however, to the study of the natural sciences. In 1834 he was appointed pro- fessor of physics at Aberdeen. Afterwards he filled I lie chair of natural history at Edinburgh. As ;i naturalisl lie is best known as the origina- tor of the so-called dichotomous or binary sys- tem of classification, which he endeavored to es- tablish in spite of strong opposition on the pari of Cuvier and others. He published a number of interesting works, including: Economic Lvn milium of the Zetland and Orkney lxlan<lx (1807); Philosophy of Zoology (1822); and a History of British Animals (1828). FLEMING, John Ambrose (184!)—). An English physicist and electrical engineer. He was born .it Lancaster, November 29, 1849, and received hi-- education in tin' University College Scl I and University College, London. He was appointed professor of mathematics and physica nt ill i niversity College, Nottingham, bui re- signed in 1881 to be< lectrical engineer to FLEMING. the Edison Electric Lighting Company. In 1882 he was elected a member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, of whose council he has been for many years a member, and was chosen a fellow of Saint John's College, Cambridge, and a fellow of the University College, London. While not giving up consulting and expert work entirely, Professor Fleming in 18s."> : cpted an appointment as professor of electrical engineer- ing in University College, where a fine laboratory was erected under his direction, and a complete course in electrical engineering given. He was also largely interested in founding the National Physical Laboratory and has done active work in promoting popular education in science. He has delivered many popular lectures and has read many papers before scientific societies. He has published: Short Lectures to Electric Arti- sayis (1885); Treatise on the Alternate Current Transformer (18S9-92); Electric Lamps and Electric Lighting (1894); Electric Laboratory
otes and Forms ( 1894) ; and Magnets and Elec-
tric Currents (1897). II is work on the trans- former is considered a standard and of great value by electrical engineers. FLEMING, Klas Eriksson (c.1530-97). A Swedish admiral and statesman. He was born in Finland, son of Erik Fleming, and belonged to a family originally from Flanders. In 1561 he was appointed Governor of Esthonia bv Erik XIV. He fought against Duke John ( 1563) . but later went over to him and was made a peer and counselor on John's accession to the throne (1568). In the next year he commanded the army which repelled the Danes. Because of his personal valor and his high place in the kingdom, as well as because of his relation to Gustavus Vasa. whose sister-in-law, Ebba Stenbock, he had married (1573). he exerted great influence. In 1588 he was made grand admiral, and in 1591 commanded in the war with Russia and was prac- tically regent of Finland. On the death of John III. (1592). Fleming upheld the claim of Sigis- mund against Duke Charles, and at the end of the war with Russia refused to dismiss his soldiers and went with his fleet to Danzig to fetch Sigismund to Stockholm. After Sigismund's coronation (1594) Fleming was made Governor of Finland. He put down a fierce peasant insurrection, and was preparing to attack Duke Charles, when he died. FLEMING, Lady Mart. The principal at- tendant on Mary, Queen of Scots, during the hitter's imprisonment nt Lochleven Castle, in Scott's Abbot. FLEMING, or FLEMMING, Pail (1609- 40). A German poet. He was born at Harten- slein (Saxony), studied at the universities of Leipzig and Leyden. and in 1633-39 accompanied the embassy sent by Duke Frederick of Schles- wigHolstein to Moscow and Persia. His early work was in the manner of Martin Opitz (q.v.), whom lie afterwards greatly surpassed, lie is not indeed wholly free from the volubility and artificiality characteristic of the verse of his time, but he displays more frequently than do his con temporaries sincerity and directness, and easily outranks them all ;i^ to poetical structure. His collected poems edited by his friend Adam Olearius, were published in 1646. The best sub- sequent edition i-^ ii Lappenberg (the Latin I ms, 1863; the German, 2 vols., 1865) in
