FLEMING. 719 FLEMISH LANGUAGE. Numbers 73, 82, and 83 of the Bibliothok A htterarischen Verevm. Consult also: Varnhagen v<m Ense, Biographi&eht Denkmale, vol iv. (3d ed., Leipzig, 1*72); Straumer, Flemings Leoeii vuil orientalische lieise (Leipzig, 1892) ; and Wysocki, /'< Pa/uti Flemmgi Oermanice Scriptie at Ingenia I Paris, 1892).' FLEMING, Paul. The eliirf character in Longfellow's II miction. FLEMING, Richard (c.1380-1431). A bish- op of Lincoln, born in Yorkshire, and educated at Oxford. There he eame under the influence of Wiclif's teachings; declared for them as mem- ber of the commission of twelve appointed to see if they were heretical; and was very severely reprimanded by Arehbishop Arundel in the mat ter. But later, and especially as Bishop of Lin- coln (1420), he showed himself a zealous up- holder of Papal authority ; was president of the English nation at the Council of Pavia (1423), and championed the power of the Pope above that of the Council. On his return to England he was appointed by the Pope Archbishop of York (1424), but," as the King had already granted that office to the Bishop of Worcester, duly elected by the chapter, Fleming had to give up his claim. In 1427 he began to plan a new col- lege at Oxford, especially to hinder the spread of heresy and error: but Lincoln College was not founded till after his death. He is best known in episodic history as the Bishop of Lincoln, who exhumed Wiclif's body, burned it, and threw it into the Swift. He is mentioned by Bale as author of Super Angiitis Etymologia, but this is lost if it ever existed. FLEMING, Rose. A kind-hearted girl in Dickens's Oliver Twist. She was adopted by Mrs. Maylie and married the latter's son Harry. She accompanied Mr. Brownlow to hear the confes- sion which cost Nancy Sikes her life. FLEMING, Sir Sandford (1827—). A Canadian surveyor. He was born in Kirkcaldy, Scotland, and came to Canada at the age of eigh- teen. After having been associated with the Northern Railway for about twelve years, he was appointed chief engineer of that road. He was also chief engineer of the Intercolonial Railroad, and in 1871-72 made the first survey for the Canadian Pacific Railway, with the planning and construction of which he remained associated un- til 1880. The construction of the present rail- road across Newfoundland was also due to his initiative. He was the founder of the Canadian Institute and elected president of the Royal So- ciety of Canada in 1888, and chancellor of Queen's University in 1880. The establishment of a prime meridian to be universally adopted for time-computation, and the laying of a cable across the Pacific, are among the numerous schemes with which he became prominently identified and which are discussed in several of his principal works, among which are: Uniform Slumlord Time (1881) ; .4 Oable Across the Pa- cific (1882); The Prime Meridian Question (1SS4) : Expeditions to the Pacific (1889). FLEMINGS. See Teutonic Race. FLEMTNGSBURG. A town and the county- seat of Fleming County, Ky., 68 miles southeast of Cincinnati, Ohio: on a spur railroad connect ing with the Louisville and Nashville (Map: Kentucky, H 2). It is in an agricultural region. and has a trade in tobacco and manufactures of eo, Hour, lumber, etc, Population, in 1H90, 1172; in 1900, 1268. FLEM'INGTON. A village and the county seat of Hunterdon County, N. J., 50 miles i' .ill 1 1 of New fork Citj | on the Pennsylvania, t he Lehigh a llej and the I entral of New Jei railroads (Map: New Jersey, C 2). It i- the eommercia I cent re for a product ivi agrii ill region, ami ha manufacture oi foundrj prod nets, stoneware, Hour, brick, etc, Population, in 1890, 1977; in 1900, 2145. FLEMISH LANGUAGE AND LITERA- TURE (Fleni. I laemsch, Dutch Vlaomaoh, OFris. Ftemsche, Flaemsohi , connected with Flem. I tin nihil a. Dutch liiamliiin. Ger. Flandem, Flanders). The Low German language and ih erature of Belgium. The earliest history ol Flemish language is also the history of Dutch, the name specifically applied to the language .if the Netherlands, The oldest stage of both is the dialect group called Old Low Franconian spoken, from the seventh century to the middle of the twelfth by various German peoples in the whole hower Rhine region, from the confluence of the Ruhr with the Rhine to the sea. When out of the popular dialects, in the second half of the twelfth and the beginning of the thirteenth century, a written language was developed, a number of dialect groups existed in what arc now the Netherlands and Belgium that had an impor- tant bearing upon the subsequent formation of the language. Frisian (q.v.), at the beginning the principal dialect, was spoken in the territory farthest north and along the seacoaM ; Saxon, in the region about the Ysse] ; Franconian. on the Rhine. Out of Frisian and Saxon contact had arisen a Frisian-Saxon mixed dialect, which was spoken principally in territory subsequently Dutch, but also in a small part of Wesl Flandi I Out of Frisian contact with Franconian. further- more, had arisen a Frisian-Franconian mixed dia- lect. The territory of the latter, beside- those parts subsequently Dutch, was East Flanders, west of the Scheldt and the Lys, and the greater part of West Flanders. Pure Franconian was spoken in territory subsequently Dutch, bul also in East Flanders, east of the Lys and the Scheldt, in Antwerp, in South Brabant, and in Limburg. Each of the main dialects, in this way. con tributed its quota to what was. in the end, to be the language of the Low German part of Belgium. The first dialect which, as far as can he ascer- tained, developed a written language, was the Franconian of Limburg, in which Henrik van Veldeke, born in the neighborhood of Maastricht, wrote after the middle' of the twelftl ntury. The oldest poems of the thirteenth century were written in Limburg, Brabant, Antwerp, and par- ticularly in Flanders. They all exhibit local dia- lectic peculiarities, hut there is visible in them, at the same time, the tendency toward a comrj literarv form. The Flemish poel Jacob van Mid-hint (c.1235-1300), the founder of the di dactic sol 1 of poetry in the Netherlands, and sometimes called 'the father of Dutch poets/ in hi s I. rr,n run 8t. Franeiscw, names as dia- lects 'Duutsch.' by which he apparently means the dialect of Holland. Brabantish. Flemish, and Zealandish. Sis own work shows the striving. already indicated, to write a literary form, which tendency obviously continued during the succeed-
