tions are aided both in and out of Germany, and contributions are received from many countries, but more especially from Saxony and Sweden. Various women's aid societies are associated with it. Its yearly income is at present some 2,000,000 marks, and it has distributed since its foundation over 30,000,000 marks.
GUSTAVUS VASA. vä′sȧ. See Gustavus I. Vasa.
GÜSTROW, gụ′strṓ. Capital of the circle of the same name in the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, situated on the Nebel, 22 miles south of Rostock (Map: Germany, E 2). Its chief public buildings are the thirteenth-century Cathedral of Saint Cecilia, recently restored; the parish church, dating from the sixteenth century and containing Flemish oil paintings and fine specimens of wood-carving; the old castle, now used as a workhouse; the town hall and the theatre. Chief among the educational institutions of the town is the gymnasium, dating from the sixteenth century. Güstrow produces machines and other iron articles, tobacco, soap, sugar, beer. etc. The trade is mostly in wood, grain, and animals. There is also an annual wool fair. Güstrow was founded in the thirteenth century, and was for a long time the residence of different reigning houses. Population, in 1890, 14,568; in 1900, 16,882.
GUTENBERG, gōō′ten-bĕrK, Johannes (c.1400-c.1468). The inventor of printing from movable types. He was born at Mainz, of the patrician family of Gensfleisch; the latest investigations tend to fix the date between 1394 and 1399. The name of Gutenberg was taken from a property long supposed to have been brought in by his mother, but discovered by recent researches to have been in the possession of his great-grandfather. The family was expelled from Mainz in 1420 and took refuge in Strassburg, where Gutenberg is found living in 1434, having already acquired some reputation for technical skill. He left Strassburg for Mainz in 1444. Attempts at printing were heard of in various quarters; to carry out his own schemes, Gutenberg in 1450 associated himself with Johannes Fust, a wealthy citizen of Mainz, who supplied the money to set up a press and print the ‘forty-two-line’ Bible. Fust dissolved the partnership in 1455, and since Gutenberg could not repay his advances, retained possession of the plant, which he improved and used. In this manner, though Gutenberg was known as the inventor throughout the fifteenth century, it was possible to claim the honor for Fust in the sixteenth; but for a century past the Dutch Coster (q.v.) has been the only serious rival of Gutenberg, and the searching investigations carried on in 1900, in connection with the fifth centenary of his birth, have established Gutenberg's claims more firmly than ever.
His commercial success was never large. In 1465 the Archbishop Adolf, of Nassau, gave him a benefice, to which various privileges as well as an income were attached. He died at Mainz toward the end of 1467 or in the beginning of 1468. He has been honored by statues in various German towns, and in 1901 a Gutenberg museum was opened in his native town supported by a society also named after him. Consult: Van der Linde, Gutenbergs Geschichte und Erdichtung (Stuttgart, 1878); Börckel, Gutenberg (Giessen, 1897); Hessels, Gutenberg: Was He the Inventor of Printing? (London, 1882); Meissner and Luther, Die Erfindung der Buchdruckerkunst (Bielefeld, 1900).
GUTHE, gōō′te, Hermann (1825-74). A German geographer, born at Andreasberg in the Harz region, and educated at Göttingen and Berlin, where he was a pupil of Ritter. In 1873 he was appointed to the chair of geography at the Polytechnic Institute, Munich. He fell a victim to the cholera, January 29, 1874. His geographical works include: Die Lande Braunschweig und Hannover (2d ed. 1887; 4th abridged ed. 1890); Lehrbuch der Geographie für die mittleren und oberen Klassen höherer Bildungsanstalten (6th ed. 1894 et seq.).
GUTH′RIE. A city, the capital of Oklahoma, and the county-seat of Logan County, 32 miles north of Oklahoma City, on Cottonwood Creek, and on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé, the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific, and the Oklahoma Eastern railroads (Map: Oklahoma, F 3). It was founded in 1889, when the Territory was opened for settlement, and became the capital city in 1890. Later occurred a spirited contest between Guthrie and Oklahoma City (q.v.), the rival cities both developing rapidly. Guthrie has an extensive trade in wholesale merchandise, and among its industrial establishments are cottonseed oil, planing and flouring mills, a foundry and machine-shop, and broom-works. The principal buildings include the Territorial Capitol, Scottish Rite Temple, Carnegie Library (costing $25,000), the city hall, and the Federal prison. Congress has appropriated $50,000 for a Federal building here. The government is vested in a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral council which confirms the mayor's appointments of members of the fire department, including the chief, and of the police force, excepting the chief, who is chosen by the people. The city owns and operates its water-works. Population, in 1890, 5,333; in 1900, 10,006.
GUTHRIE, Frederick (1833-86). An English physicist. He was born at Bayswater, England, and was educated at University School and College, London. He then studied chemistry at Heidelberg and at Marburg, where he received the degree of Ph.D. He subsequently occupied positions at Owens College, Manchester, University of Edinburgh, and the Royal College, Mauritius. In 1869 Guthrie became connected with the Normal School of Science at South Kensington, and lectured there until his death. His early experimental work was for the most part in chemistry, but later he took up physics, and two of his first papers in this field were on “Drops” and “Bubbles.” In 1870 he discovered the phenomenon of the attraction of a vibrating tuning-fork for a light suspended body near by, known as “Approach Caused by Vibration,” and later investigated the thermal conductivity of liquids, stationary vibration of liquids in various shaped vessels, electrolysis, solution, and melting-points. Guthrie was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1859, and of the Royal Society of London in 1873, in which year he founded the Physical Society of London, whose president he became in 1884. His efforts in promoting and improving elementary science teaching were most successful, and he devised many simple methods and considerable apparatus for
