HALLETTSVILLE. 484 HALLOCK. oil, and live-stock; and has several cotton-gins, a cottonsccdoil mill, etc. The water-works and elcc-liic liylit pfant urc owned l)y llie municipal- ily. IVimlatiou, in 1890, lOUj'in i'JOO, 1457. HALLEVI, JuDAH. See Judah, Ben Samuel. HAL'LEY, Edmund (10.56-1742). An Eng- lish a-struiionicr and mathematician, born at Haggerston, London, the son of a soap-manufac- turer. He was educated at Saint Paul's School, and afterwards at Queen's College, Oxford, which he entered in 1073. In 1070 he publislied a paper on the orbits of the principal planets; also observations on a spot on the sun, from which he inferred its rotation round its axis. In No- vember of the same year he went to Saint Helena, where for two years he applied himself to the formation of a catalogue of the stars in the Southern Hemisphere, which he published in 1G78 (Cntalogus Stellaruin Auslralium). On his return he was chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society, and deputed by that body to go to Dan- zig to settle a controversy between Hooke and Hevelius as to whether it is profitable to use telescopic or plain sights for astronomical obser- vations. In 1680 he made a tour of the Continent, during which he made observations with Cassini at Paris on the great comet which goes by his name, and the return of which he predicted. His observations on this comet formed part of the foundation of Newton's calculation of a comet's orbit. Halley retiu'ned to England in 1681, in 1683 published his theory of the variation of the magnet, and the next year made the acquaintance of Newton. In 1686 Halley published an account of the trade winds and monsoons on seas near and between the tro])ics, and in 1692 his hy- pothesis relative to the change in the variations of the magnetic needle. To test the truth of this by obtaining measures of the variations in differ- ent parts of the world, he was sent in 1098 in com- mand of a ship to the Pacific : but his crew mu- tinied, and he was obliged to return. The next year, however, he sailed again, and the result of his observations was a chart for which he was rcAvarded by the rank of captain in the navy with half pay for life. Soon after he made a chart of the tides in the channel, and surveyed the coast of Dalmatia for the Emperor of Aus- tria. On the death of Wallis, in 1703, he was appointed Savilian professor of geometry at Oxford. In 1705 he published his researches on the orbits of the comets. In 1713, on the resignation of Sir Hans Sloane, he became secre- tary of the Royal Society: in 1716 he made valu- able experiments with the diving-bell, which were afterwards published: and in 1721. after the death of Flamsteed. he became astronomer royal. In this office, and engaged especially in studying the moon's motions, he passed the rest of his life. In 1729 he was chosen a foreign member of the Academy of Sciences, Paris. Halley was the au- thor of numerous other researches of great im- portance besides those mentioned. His Tal>nl(E Astronomicre did not appear till 1749. Among liis principal discoveries may be mentioned the long inequality of .Jupiter and .Saturn, and that of the slow acceleration of the moon's mean motion. He was the first to predict the retiirn of a comet, and also to recommend the observation of the transits of Venus with a view to determine the sun's parallax. See CoMET. HALLEY'S COMET. See Comet. HALLIARDS, or HALYARDS ( probably a variant of hullicr, from US. halian, OllG. luilon, holOii, Ger. holeii, Eng. hale, to haul; connected with Lat. calare, Gk. Ku/.civ, kulein, to summon; explained by popular etymology as liaulyurds, or haleyards). Ropes used to hoist yards, gaffs, sails, etc. They usually take their name from the object hoisted; as, topsail halliards, jih hal- liards, ensiijn halliards, etc. ; but in some in- stances they have other designations, the craw- foot halliards (so called because it is made fast to the awnings by several small lines spread out in fancied resemblance to a bird's foot) , throat and pculc halliards on gaff's, etc. HAL'LIWELL-PHIL'LIPPS, .Jame.s Or- chard (1820-89). An English antiquary and biographer of Shakespeare., born in Chelsea, Lon- don. His taste for original research was exhibited while }-et a student at Cambridge, and he was made a fellow of the Royal Society and of the Society of Antiquaries when but eighteen years old. After the founding of the Shakespeare So- ciety in London (1841), he gradually devoted more and more of his time to the study of the great dramatist. Rejecting the popular method of constructing the poet's biography from in- ternal evidence, Halliwell discredited the per- sonal application even of the sonnets, and set himself through years of investigation to collect and sift contemporary and traditioniil evidence to be found chioll.y in Stratford-on-Avon and neighboring villages. The result of his labor was issued in his Outlines of the Life of Shake- speare (1st ed. 1881: 9th ed. 1890), but before he left the ranks of Shakespearean critics he had pidilished a superb folio edition of the plays (16 vols., 1852-65). In 1863 he was largely instru- ment.al in preventing the sale of Shakesjjeare's birthplace, and the foundations of New Place, where he died, and he aided generously in turn- ing the one into a museum, and clearing the site of the other. Ever open to give and receive sug- gestions or criticisms from other Shakespearean students, his assistance was valuable, both di- rectly and indirectly, through the collections of old literature and Shakespearean and other docu- ments he presented or bequeathed to the Chet- ham Library, Manchester (1851), Smithsonian Institution, Washington (1832), the Penzance puldic library (1S06-S8), the Edinburgh Uni- versity Library (1872), and the Birthplace Mu- seum (1889). Many of his own numerous books were printed for private circulation only. HALL MARKS. See Plate Marks. HAL'LOCK, Gerard (1800-66). An Ameri- can journalist, bom at Plainfield. Mass. Ho gradviated at Williams College in 1819. taught at Amherst Academy (1819-21), and after a short course at Andover, at Salem. In 1824 he started the Boston Telcfiraph. which was united with the Recorder a year later. He acquired a part interest in the Netr York Ohserver in 1827, and in 1828 joined David Hale in the management of the Journal of Commerce. He built a schooner, the Eveninf) Edition, which met incoming ves- sels at Sandy Hook and brought back news; and in 1833 established a pony express between New York and Philadelphia, which gave the Journal of Commerce another great advantage. Hallock opposed abolition, but did much to further libera-
