HAMITES. The Haniitcs are in touch with African tribes south of the Sahara, ami mixture with ncijroi's has inlUicMccil the type of the ])o|)uhitioii during thousands of years. On the other liaiid, llamite culture has extended far from its original province. The eastern Ijraneh of the Hamitcs in- cludes: (1) The ancient Egyptians, the oldest known people of the white race to develop a high civilization. Their descendants are the Copts, or native Christians, interspersed among the po])uIatiiin. and the Fellahin or peasant class, speaking a .Semitic language and practicing a Semitic religion. (2) Farther up the Nile the Nubians, strongly negroid, are mixed with Hamite Bejas. (3) The aboriginal population on the Ab}'3- sinian plateau. Agau Haniites. (4) Ethiopian Hamites: Sonialis, in many tribes; Gallas, one branch of whom, including Shoas and Amharas. e.xtends into Abyssinia; Danakils in Afarland. (5) Masai, in British East Africa, south of the Equator and east of the Victoria Xyanza. They are Hamites in language, have dark skin and frizzled hair, and are physically among the most magnificent races. (6) Wahuma or Watusi, the ruling race in Northwestern German Africa, almost identical in speech and biological character with the Ciallas. Passing westward from the Egyptian area along the north of Africa, the Berber Hamites, in- cluding Tuaregs, Shluhs, and I'Cabvles. occupy the littoral region and the Sahara. They are the descendants of the oldest known inhabitants of this territory, who were believed to have been the founders of the Mediterranean race, (7) Tibus or Tubus. Hamites of the Sahara north of Lake Chad, mixed with negroes. Their speech is of doubtful affiliation. (8) Fulah or Fulbe, in extreme Western Af- rica, in Futa-tor and Futa Jallon. (9) Guanches, ancient Hamites of the Cana- ries. Each of the separate peoples here named is described in its proper place. Among the Ham- itcs are tribes that show blond characteristics, but it cannot be decided whether this is due to albinism or to invasion of Teutonic nations. The standard color is dark brunette : the hair is black and curly, the body is over medium height, and in some tribes of great stature. The Ham- ites have, in recent years, come into especial prominence through their connection with the origin of Mediterranean peoples and early culture, some ethnologists tracing their type into the heart of Europe. Hamitie speech in its three varieties. Egyptian. Ethiopian, and Berber, be- longs to the inflected class, near to the Semitic, from which it has been separated for millen- niums. The oldest writing in the world is the hieroglyphic inscriptions placed on their monu- ments by the Hamitie Egyptians. They also were the earliest engineers, machinists, and archi- tects in massive stones. Consult: Sergi, Africa: Anthropologiri dellii stirpe camilirri (Turin, 180") : Stanford, Africa (London, 180.5) ; Keane, Man. Prtnf ami Prrapn M London, 1809). HAMIT'IC LANGUAGES. See African L.Nra'.f;ES. HAM'LET. See Amleth. HAMLET. An opera by Ambroise Thomas (ISflS). the French libretto being adapted by Vol. IX.— 33. 507 HAMLIN. Barbicr and Carre from Shakesiware. An Italian crsion, Amlelo, was presented in 1809 in London. HAMLET. ( 1 ) The conunon spotted moray (q.v. ). [2} The Bermuda grouper. See GbovpeR. HAM'LEY, Sir Edw.vku Buuce (1824-9;i). An English general and author, born at Bodmin, son of Vice-Admiral Villiam Hamley, and edu- cated at Woolwich. In 1854 he w:is made adju- tant, and later became aide, to Kicli:ird Dacres, and served through the Crimean War. He was appointed professor of military history at Sand- hurst in 1859, and in 1882 he went with Sir Garnet Wolseley to Egypt, fought at Tel-el-Kebir, and was much aggrieved that his division was not recognized, insisting that it had won the day. He was made geneial in 1890, as a recom- pense for his ill-treatment. Hamlcy's l)cst- known works are: The Utory of tlic Vampaitjn of Sebastopol (T855): The Operations of Mar Ex- plained and niiistrated (last ed. 1878), an ex- cellent work: The War in the Crimea (1891); Ladi) Lee's Widonhood (1854); and reprints from lilaelxirood, with which he was long con- nected. HAM'LIN, Alfred Dwigut Foster ( 1855 — ). An American architect, born at Constanti- nople. Turkey, the son of Cy rus Hamlin, founder of Robert College there. He graduated at Am- herst in 1875; subsequently studied at the Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology' and at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris. In 1883 he be- came special assistant in Columbia University, He was .nppointed assistant jirofessor of arclii- tecture there in 1889. adjunct professor of ar- chitecture in 1891, and afterwards professor of architecture. Among his publications, in ad- dition to many magazine articles, are: .4 His- tory of Architecture (1S9G), and a Handbook of the TJistori) of Ornament . HAMLIN, Cyrus (1811-1900). An American Congregational missionary and educator. He was born at; Waterford, Me., and graduated at Bow- doin College in 1834, and at Bangor Theological Seminary in 1837. In the latter year he went to Constantinople, as a missionary under the direction of the American Board. In 18C0 he began the work of establishing Robert College at Constantinople, and succeeded in spite of the strong opposition of the Turkish authorities. He acted as its president until 1876. and then be- came professor of dogmatic theology in Bangor Seminary. In 1880 he was elected president of Middlebury College, Vt., which post he re- tained till 1885. He published Amonij the Turks (1877), and Mn Life and Times (1893). HAMLIN, Hannibal (1809-91). An Ameri- can political leader, vice-president of the United States in 1861-65. He was born at Paris Hill, Me., and prepared for college at Hebron Acad- emy, but his father's death prevented his taking a college course. After some years spent in running the home farm and a short period as proprietor of a country weekly at Paris, he studied law, wffS admitted to the bar, and in 1833 began practice at Hampden. Maine. His long political career of almost a half-century be- gan in 1835 with his election to the lower branch of the M.nine Legislature as a Democrat. To this he was a number of times reelected, and served as its presiding officer in 1837, 1830, and 1840. In the last year he was a Democratic nominee
