HAMLIN. 508 HAIUMEBr. for Congress, but was defeated in the Whig land- i^lide of that year. Two years hiter he was I'Icctt'd to the Twonty-eiglith Congress, ami was reeles'ti'd to the Twenty-nintli, serving from 184o to 1847. Karly in his Congressional eareer he took a proiiounwd .stand as an anti-slavery man, opposed the annexation of Te.xas. and drew par- ticular attention to liinijdf hy introducing the famous Wilmot Proviso (q.v.) during the tempo- rary absence of its autlior, and securing its ac- ceptance by the House by a vote of 115 to 106. In 1848 he was elected to the United States Senate to fill a vacancy caused by the death of Senator Fairfield. In spite of his action in speaking and voting against Clay's compromise measures, he was reelected for a full term of six years in 1851. Before the completion of this term, however, he had taken an active part in the founding of the Republican Party, and re- signed his seat in the Senate in 1856 upon l)eing elected by that party Governor of his native State. In 1857, however, he resigned from the (jovernorship to resume his seat in the Senate. to which he had been reelected, and where he thought he could be of more use to the anti- slavery cause than in the Governor's chair. He remained in the Senate until after his election; in 1860, as Vice-President of the United States on the ticket with Abraham Lincoln. During the Civil War he was a valued adviser of President Lincoln, and the relations between the two were especially intimate. He was again United States Senator.' 1809-81. and was Minister to Spain, 1881-83. Consult C. E. Hamlin, Life and Times <if Hnnnibnl Hamliii (Cambridge, 1899). HAM'LINE, Leonidas Lent (1T97-1865). A Methodist Epi.scopal bishoj), born in Burlington, Conn. He studied for the ministry, but after- wards read law, and practiced in Ohio. In 1830, however, he became a preacher in the Methodist Church, in 1830 was chosen assistant editor of the Western Christian Advocate, and four years later chief editor of the Ladies' Re- pository. In 1844, when the Methodist Church divided on slavery, he was a member of the General Conference, and drew up the plan of separation. He was elected bishop at that ses- sion, and served until 1852. Hamline University, Minnesota, was named in his honor. A number of liis sermons are given in the Works of L. L. namline. D.D.. edited by Rev. F. G. Hibbard, D.D. (1869). Consult Palmer, Life and Letters of Leonidas L. namline. I>.D. ( N^ew York, 1866). HAMLINE TINrVERSITY. A coeducation- al Methodist Episcopal college at Hamline, Minn., midway between Saint Paul and ^linncapolis. It was situated at Redwing until 1869, when it was closed, and reopened in 1880 at Hamline. It has a preparatory department with about 100 students; a college of liberal arts, with an attendance of 200; and a college of medicine, with 1.50 students, at Minneapolis. The college faculty in 1902 numbered 20, and the medical faculty 48. At the same time the university library contained 6000 volumes, the buildings and grounds were valued at JfSlSO.OOO. the endowment was $200,000, and the annual income was $24,- 000. HAMM, hiim. The capital of a circle in the Prussian Province of Westphalia, situated at the confluence of the Ahse with the Lippe. 23 miles northwest of Arnsberg ( Map : Prussia, B 3 ) . It is surrounded by old ramparts and a moat, and contains a Catholic church dating from 1510, and an old gymnasium. It is at the junc- tion of several railroad lines, and produces many varieties of iron articles, gloves. Hour, liquors, starch, leather, bricks, eje. In the vicinitj' are thermal baths. Hanini was formerly the capital of the County of Mark and a member of the Hanseatic League. Population, in 1890, 24,969; in 1900. 31,371. HAMMACHER, hii'miiG-er. Frieoricii ( 1824- 1904). . (Iciiiian politician, born at Essen, and educated at Bonn and Berlin. He had to leave the Government service in 1850 because of his part in the rising of '48. and went into business. He soon became interested in the mining in- dustries of the Rhine District and of Westphalia, and founded at Dortmund a union for mining interests. A member of the Prussian House of Deputies (1864-68), and of the Reichstag from 1809 to 1898, with two interruptions, he was one of the founders and leaders of the National Liberal Party ; took an especial interest in eco- nomic questions, and drew up the declaration of more than two hundred Deputies, which, in 1878. altered Bismarck's commercial policy. He was one of the promoters of a Government system of railroads in Prussia in the following year, and a founder and director of the German Colonial Union. In 1S89 he mediated the disagreements between the Rhenish Westphalian miners and mine-owners in the coal strike of that year. HAMME, liiini'mp or ham. A town in the Province of East Flanders. Belgium, situated on the right bank of the Dunne. 18 miles east-north- east of Ghent (Map: Belgium, C 3). It contains grain and oil mills, has manufactures of lace, ribbons, and linen, and carries on trade in flax. Population, in 1890. 12,039; in 1900, 13,755. HAMMER (AS. humor, Icel. hamarr, OHG. tianiur. (ier. {{ammei-; connected with OChurch Slav, kainy, Lith. ukmii, stone, Gk. aK/iuii akmon, anvil, Skt. a.inian, stone). A tool used for apply- ing the force of impact either for the purpose of beating or forging malleable materials into a specific shape, or for driving nails, spikes, wedges, etc. Hammers may be divided into two general classes, viz. hand hammers and power hammers. Hand hammers are made in a variety of forms to suit the particular purposes for which they are employed. They are all made with a steel or iron head set crosswise of a wooden handle. The part of the hammer which strikes the work is called the face, and the opposite part is called the pane. The pane of the ordinary carpenter's hammer is bent, and has a V-shaped notch to permit its use as a lever for drawing nails; that- of a geologist's hammer is wedge-shaped, etc. Many hammers have two faces, either of which m.ay" be used indifferently. Hammers of large size requiring the use of both hands to wield them are commonly called sledges, and usually have two faces. Power hammers are of several forms, the most important of which is the direct-acting steam hammer and its modifications, the drop-press and drop-hammer. One of the oldest forms of power hammer is the tilt-hammer, which con- si.sts essentially of a handle working on a hori- zontal axle at or near one end. and having a head at the other end. The handle and head are usually made of iron, and very heavy. This
