of Congress of April 30, 1900, all persons who, on August 12, 1898, were citizens of the Republic of Hawaii, were declared to be citizens of the United States and of the Territory of Hawaii. On June 14, 1900, Hawaii was organized as a Territory, with ex-President Dole as the Territorial Governor. The political problem of Hawaiian administration lies in the number of races, that which is strongest in wealth and intelligence being smallest in numbers.
During the monarchy, which lasted about a century, the foreign relations of Hawaii were influenced chiefly by naval officers, who often acted with a high hand. The first commercial agency of the United States was established in 1820, and in 1823 Capt. Ap Catsby Jones, U. S. N., negotiated a treaty of commerce and navigation, the first ever made by Hawaii with a foreign power, which was not, however, ratified by Congress. In 1839 Commander La Place of the French frigate Artémise, under threat of war, demanded privileges for Roman Catholic converts of the French missionaries, who had been on the islands since 1827. In 1842 the independence of the kingdom was recognized by the United States. In 1843 a British officer, Lord Paulet, made demands which resulted in a provisional cession of the islands to Great Britain; but his action was promptly overruled by his superiors at home, and the same year Admiral Thomas restored the islands and the Hawaiian flags. In 1862 the English Reformed Catholic missionaries began their work. In 1843 the United States commercial agent was made a commissioner, in 1863 Minister Resident, in 1898 Minister Plenipotentiary.
Bibliography. Hopkins, Hawaii: The Past and Future of Its Island Kingdom (2d ed., London, 1866); Oberländer and Christmann, Oceanien (Leipzig, 1873); Bird, The Hawaiian Archipelago (London, 1875); Fornander, Account of the Polynesian Race, and the Ancient History of the Hawaiian People (London, 1877); Gordon-Cumming, The Kingdom of Hawaii (London, 1883); Bastian, Zur Kenntniss Hawaiis (Berlin, 1883); Dutton, Hawaiian Volcanoes (Washington, 1885); Kalakaua, The Legends and Myths of Hawaii (New York, 1888); Reports on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger (London, 1880-95); “The Hawaiian Islands,” in United States Military Information, Div. of Pub., vol. i. (Washington, 1893); Bishop, Hawaiian Archipelago (New York, 1894); Marcuse, Die hawaiischen Inseln (Berlin, 1894); Alexander, Brief History of the Hawaiian People (New York, 1892); Stoddard, Hawaiian Life (Chicago, 1894); Achelio, Ueber Mythologie und Kultus von Hawaii (Brunswick, 1895); Hawaiian Department of Foreign Affairs, The Hawaiian Islands (Honolulu, 1896); Twombly, Hawaii and Its People (London, 1900); Musick, Our New Possessions (New York, 1897); Shoemaker, Islands of the Southern Seas (New York, 1898); Young, The Real Hawaii (London, 1899); Whitney, Hawaiian America (New York, 1899); Blackmann, The Making of Hawaii (London, 1899); Brain, The Transformation of Hawaii (1899); Griffin, List of Books Relating to Hawaii (Washington, 1898); also the publications of the Hawaiian Historical Society and Bishop Museum at Honolulu.
HAWARDEN, här′den. A market-town in Flintshire, Wales, eight miles southeast of Chester (Map: Wales, D 3). Population of parish, in 1891, 13,610; in 1901, 15,817. Near by stands Hawarden Castle, long the residence of William K. Gladstone. The castle, built in 1752, stands near the ruins of an older one granted by William the Conqueror to his nephew, Hugh of Avranches, called by the Welsh the Wolf. After many vicissitudes it became the property of Cromwell's Lord Chief Justice, Sergeant Glynne, from whom it descended to Mrs. Gladstone. Consult Morley and Friederichs, “In William Gladstone's Village,” in Strand Magazine, vol. xvi. (London, 1898).
HAWEIS, häz, Hugh Reginald (1838-1901). An English clergyman and author. He was born at Egham, Surrey; graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1859; served under Garibaldi at the siege of Capua; and in 1860 became curate of Saint James's Church, Marylebone, London. Indefatigable in his efforts to educate the masses, he strongly advocated the opening of libraries, galleries, and museums on Sundays. He often lectured at the Royal Institution, and was the Lowell Institute lecturer in Boston in 1885. He was the Anglican delegate to the Chicago Parliament of Religions in 1893, and for the next two years continued a successful lecture and preaching tour around the world. His numerous published works include: Music and Morals (1871); American Humorists (1883); Christ and Christianity (5 vols., 1886-87); The Broad Church (1891); Travel and Talk (2 vols., 1897); and Old Violins (1898).
HAWEIS, Mary Eliza (Joy) (?-1898). An English author, artist, and philanthropist, daughter of the genre painter T. M. Joy, born in London. She married the Rev. H. R. Haweis, was a member of the Society of Authors and of the Society of Woman Journalists, vice-president of the Maternity Society and of the Central National Society for Women's Suffrage, and superintendent of the Mercy Branch of the British Woman's Christian Temperance Union. She exhibited at the Royal Academy, at the Dudley Gallery, and the British Institution, and was a successful illustrator. She wrote Chaucer for Children, Chaucer for Schools, and Tales from Chaucer; conducted a course in Chaucer in the National Home Reading Union; wrote on art, decoration, gardening, and the like; and published a novel, A Flame of Fire (1897).
HAWES, ha̤z, Stephen (?-1521). An English poet. He was born probably in Suffolk, and was educated at Oxford. He traveled on the Continent, and became a groom in the household of Henry VII. His rare minor poems are of interest chiefly to bibliophiles. But his Passetyme of Pleasure, or the Historie of Graunde Amoure and la Bel Pucel (printed by Wynkyn de Worde in 1509) occupies an important place in the history of English poetry. It is a long allegorical poem written in seven-line stanzas, divided into forty-six chapters. It describes the education and career of a perfect knight. Standing midway between Chaucer and Spenser, Hawes is the connecting link between them. Reprints of sixteenth-century editions have been made by Southey in English Poets (London, 1831), and by Wright (Percy Society, ib., 1845).
HAWESVILLE, ha̤z′vĭl. A city and the county-seat of Hancock County, Ky., 85 miles west by south of Louisville; on the Ohio River,
