INGENHOUSZ. 623 INGEBSOLL. INGENHOUSZ, iu'gen-lious, Jan (1730-90). A Dutcli scienti&t. lie was bora in Breda, and studied and practiced medicine in liis native coiinlry, l)iit removed to London about 1705. Ac- cidi'Mt brought liim an intioduetion to the Aus- trian Imperial family, whom he served profes- sionally with such success that, in 17(10, he was made aulic councilor and body physician to Jlaria Theresa and to Joseph II. In 1779 he I'e- turned to London. He devoted much time and study to research in electricity, and invented the plate electrical machine. Ingenhousz wrote sev- eral .scientific treatises and essaj-s, such as Ej;- pcriments on Veijelahles, Discovering Their Great I'oircr of Purifijiiuj the Coinnwn Air in Sunshine, hut Jnjurinij it in the Hhiule or <it .Xight (1779) , Anfdnysiiriinde der Eleetricitiii (1781) ; anAEssuy on the Fouil of Plants anil the Renovation of Souls (179G). A number of his papers were published in two volumes in Paris in 178.5-89 under the title yoiirelles experiences et observations sur divers ohjets de pinisique. INGERMANLAND, in'germnnland, or IN- GBIA, in'!,'ri-a. The old name for a region in Northwestern Russia, constituting part of the Government of Saint Petersburg. It belonged originally to Novgorod and from 1017 to 1702 it was held by the Swedes, who lost it again to Russia in tlie wars of Peter the Great. INGERSOLL, Tn'ger-sol. A town in Oxford County, Ontario, Can., on the Thames River, and the Grand Trunk Railroad, 19 miles northeast of London (Map: Ontario, C 4). It exports large- ly grain and lumber, and has manufactures of machinerj^ woolen goods, agricultural imple- ments, cheese, and woodenware. Population, in 1891, 4191: in 1901, 4572. INGERSOLL, Charles Jaeed (1782-1862). An American lawyer, writer, and politician, the son of Jared Ingersoll (1749-1822), a framer of the Constitution. He was born in Philadelphia, entered the College of New .Jersey, where he re- mained three years, then studied law and traveled in Europe. In 1801 he wrote the tragedy Edicy and Elgiva, which was produced at the New Theatre in Philadelphia, and in 1808 he published a strong jiolitical pamphlet in defense of the Republican policy of Thomas .TefTerson. Three years later appeared his Inchiqxtin the Jesuit's Letters. lie was elected to Congress in 1812. was for fourteen years I'nited States District Attor- ney for Pennsylvania, and again served in Con- gress from 1839 to 1849. Among his other pub- lications are: Historical Sketch of the Second War Between the United States of America and Great Britain (1845). which deals with the events of 1812-13; and History of the Second ^'ar BetH-een the United States of America and Great Britain (1852). which deals with the events of 1814 and 1815. INGERSOLL, Cuarles Roberts ( 1.S2 1-1903 ) . An American politician, son of Ralph Isaacs Ingersoll. lie was born in New Haven, Conn., gradiiated at Yale in 1840 and at the Yale Law School in 1844, and. after several terms in the Connecticut Legislature, was Governor of the State from 1873 to 1877. Ingersoll took some part in national politics. He was a Democratic elector in 1870. INGERSOLL. Erotst (18.52—1. An Ameri- can naturalist, born in Monroe. Mich. He stud- ied for a time at Oberlin College, and afterwards in the Lawrence Scientific School and Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard, where he was a pupil of Louis Agassiz. Ue went West as naturalist in the Haydon survey ( 1874 and 1877), and did much work with the United States Fish Commission. Ue l)ec:ame widely known as a writer of special magazine articles and of numerous guide books, and as a popular lecturer upon scientific subjects. In 1001 he was lecturer on zoology at the University of Chicago. His books include: Xests and Eggs of Xortli American Birds, parts i.-vii. (1880-81); Oyster Industries of the United States (1881); Knock- ing 'Round the Rockies (1883); Country Cous- ins (1884) ; The Crest of the Continent (1884) ; The Ice Queen (1884), and other juvenile nov- els; Doii-n East Latch Strings (1887); Wild ?,'eighbors (1897); The Book of the Ocean, (1898); Xoture's Calendar (1900); and Tl'iW Life of Orrluird and Field (1902). INGERSOLL, Jared (1722-81). An Ameri- can politician, born in Milford, Conn., and edu- cated at Yale College. In 1765, after the passage of the Stamp Act, he accepted, under Franklin's advice, the appointment as stamp agent for Con- necticut : but soon, after undergoing the insults and personal abuse that fell to the lot of all Colonial stamp agents, was forced by the people to resign. In 1700 he published a pamphlet en- titled The Stamp Act. He became an admiralty judge in 1770. INGERSOLL, Jared (1749-1822). An Ameri- can jurist, born in New Haven, Conn., son of Jared Ingersoll (q.v.). He graduated at Yale in 1766, and later went to London, where he stvid- ied law. His sympathies were with the patriot party in America, however, and at about the time of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, he went to Paris, where he became intimate with Franklin, Izard, and other Americans then in the French capital. In the autumn of 1778 he returned to America and settled in Philadelphia, where he soon became well known as a lawyer. In 1780 he was elected to Congress, and in 1787 was chosen a member of the Constitutional Con- vention. Among the other offices which he held were those of Attorney-General of Pennsylvania and presiding judge of the district court of Phila- delphia. INGERSOLL, Joseph Reed (17801868). An American politician, bom in Philadelphia. He was the son of .Tared Ingersoll (q.v.) . a fram- er of the Constitution ; the grandson of .Tared Ingersoll (q.v.), and brother of Charles Jared Ingersoll (q.v.). He graduated at Princeton in 1804, and after studying law began to practice in Philadelphia. He was a member of Congress from 1835 until 1837. and again from December, 1841, until 1849. In 1852 he was appointed Minister to England by President Fillmore, hut returned to America the next year. His most important publication is a pamphlet entitled /Secession a Folly and a Crime, which appeared at the outbreak of the Civil War. He al.so wrote a Memoir of Samuel Breck (1863), and trans- lated Roccus's De Navibus et Naulo and De Asse- curatione (1809). INGERSOLL, Ralph Is.acs (1788-1872). An .meriean lawyer and statesman. He was born in New Haven. Conn., graduated at Yale in 1808. was a prominent member of the bar. and a leading Democratic speaker in the Con-
