INGEBSOLL. 624 INGHIBAMI. necticut Legislature ( 1810-23), earning the name of 'Voinig Hotspur' from his puliticiil opponents. Jnjur-oll was a Iteprcscntativi' In t'oiifirt'ss (1825- 33 1, then Connecticut State Attorney, and from I84U to 1848 L'nited States Minister to Russia. INGEBSOLL, KoMKRT (Jkken (1833-!)!t). An Anioriian lawyer and inlldel writer and lec- turer. He was born at Dresden, X. Y.. August 11, 1833, the youngest of the five children of a Congregational minister of liberal views. The family removed to Illinois in 184.'), and there Robert studied law, was admitted to the bar, and entered polities as a Democrat. In 1857 he made his residence in I'eoria. where he soon be- came recognized as an able lawyer, chiefly em- ployed in railroad litigation. In 1800 he was nominated for Congress, hut was defeated. In lSti2 he went to the war as colonel of the Eleventh Illinois Cavalry, and was taken pris- oner, but e.changed. He returned to citizenship a Republican in politics, and was appointed Attorney-General of Illinois in 1808. In 1876, at the Republican Presidential Convention at Cin- cinnati, he delivered a fervid and vigorous speech in favor of the candidacy of ,Tames G. Blaine, which won for him a national reputation, and from this time ho was recognized as one of the foremost orators of the country. He soon after entered the lecture field, where the matter as well as the manner of his discourse excited public attention. He developed the views of a pro- nounced opponent to Christianity, and. adopting religious topics as his subjects, attacked the Hihie. the personal nature of the Deitv. and the existence of a hell, with all the force of whi<'h he was capable, and with the advantage of splendid rhetorical powers. In matter his orations were much dependent upon the writings of Thomas Paine. Colonel IngiTsoll was counsel for large corporations. He died suddenly at Dobl)s Ferry, X. Y., .July -21. 1S!I!I. His |)vi"lilishcd works in- clude: The Gods, (ind Other Lectures (1876); Some llislahes of Mosrs (187!)) ; Great Speeches (1887); Lectures Vomiilete (1883); and Prose Poems and Selections (18H4). His coniidete works were published in Xew York. 1!I0(J, 12 vols. Consult Ihc- biograpliical sketch by Han- ford (Chicago, 18!)!)). INGHAM, Ing'nm. Benjamin (1712-72). An English evangelist. He was born at Ossett and graduated from Queen's College. Oxford, in 1734. He liad, in 1733, become associated with the Wesleys. and after his ordination in 173.5 ac- companied them to Georgia. About 1737 he be- came a Moravian, broke with the Wesleyans, and founded in Yorkshire many Moravian congrega- tions, which followed him when he separated from that sect. They were known as Ingliamites until their head joined Sandeman, about 1700, when they broke up. INGHAM, Cii.uii.Es Cromwell (17971803). An .Viiierican painter. He was born in Dublin, Ireland, and studied at the Dublin Institution under William Cunning. He came to America in 1817, and settled in ew York. He is inter- esting as having been identified with the first efforts to promote painting in this country. He was one of the original members, in 1820. of the National .Academy of Design, of which he was vice-president from 1845 to 18.50, and one of the founders of the Sketch Club. Among his figure pieces are: "Death of Cleopatra," "Flower Girl." "Day Dream," the "White Plume." He became celebrated as a portrait painter of women and children, and as a miniature p;uiiter. .Vmong his prominent portraits of men are those of l)e Witt Clinton, Lafayette, and Gulian C. Verplanek. He died in Xew York City, December 10, 1803. INGHAM, Col. Fkeueric. The nom-de-plume unclii which Kdward Everett Hale wrote The liiijhiiin I'tijiers (1809). INGHAM, Samuel Delicenna (17791800). An .Vnieriean statesman and politician, born in Pennsylvania, -flcr serving in tlic Pennsylvania Legislature, he was elected to Congiess in 1813. He was a member of the House of Uepresenta- fives till 1818, and again from 1822 to 1829. On March 0, 1829, he was appointed Secretary of the Treasury by President Jackson, a position which he held till August 1, 1831. When the Portsmouth branch of the l'nited States Hank was complained of as l)eing conducted with par- tiality towani opponents of the .Vdministration, it w;is Ingliam's correspondence with Xiclndas Biddle, president of the b:ink, that resulted in its declaration of its intention to pursue an in- dependent course, and in the consecpient struggle with TacUson. INGHAMITES, ing'aiiitts. A sect founded by lienjamiii Ingham ( 1712-72), who. after visit- ing the (icrnum Moravians in company with John Wesley, endeavored to unite the chief features of the Moravians and the Methodists in a new body, called after him. Ingliamites. The organization had at one time a large number of adherents in F.nu'land. but Ingham and the greater part of his followers at last went over to the Sandemaiiians, and the sect disappeared. INGHIRAMI, 6n'g/^-rii'm<^. An Italian noble family of Volterra. Its earliest memlier of im- portance was the humanist. Tomma.so (1470 1510), often called I'edra. because of his success as Plia'dni in a presentation of Seneca's Hip- poh/lus (or I'hcrdrii). l>ut best known for his Latin orations. Seven of these were published at Rome (1777), and a few critical works on Horace and Plautus are his only remaining works. His portrait by Raphael is at the Pitti Palace in Florence. — Francesco (1772- 1840). an archa-ologist of the same family, was born at Volterra. and was educated for a soldier, lie fonglit against France (1799), bit thereafter devoted himself to antiquities and especially to Etruscan arehipology. He was li- brarian at Florence, and at Ficsole founded a school and press. His works, valuable for the material they contain, rather than for scholar- ship, include: Monumcnti etriischi (1820-27); Gallcrid Omrrieii (1829-51) : Pitlure di vnsi fit- tin (1831-37): and an incomplete Storin dflla Tnsrnna (1841-45). — His brother, Giovan.ni (1779-1851). an astronomer, was born at Vol- terra, studied there, took holy orders when he was seventeen, and from the Brera Observatory in Milan, went to Florence to the observatory established by Ximenez in the .Tesuit College there. Besides text-books of mathematics and geography, his works include: Effemeridi dell' oerultiizione delle piccole stelle sotto la hnia (1809-.30) ; Effemeridi di Venere e Giove (1821 24) ; Tavnle astronomiche universali portntili (1811): and Carta topogrnfiea e geometrica delta Tnscana (1830).
