INNOCENT. 638 INNOCENTS. Consult Intwcent 17. vl Blanche <le Bourbon, lellrrs tla i>apc, ed. Daumet (Paris, lltOl). Jn.noc'KNT Vll. (Cosinio <le' Mf-jliorati, a native of Saliiiona in the Abruzzi). Pope 1404-0(i. He Imd tlistiiiguished hiiimelf by a knowledge of canon and civil law and by a holy life, no that he was made cardinal in i:i89 by ISoniface IX., whose suewssor he was chosen amid the troubles «f the ;:reat schism. Little else than these tumuli s distinguished his short reign, which was r.iarkeil by nepotism. l.N^iorEXT VIII. (Giovanni Battista Cibo). Vope 14S4-il2. He came of a noble (Jenoeso family; his father had been a Roman senator and Gov- ernor of Naples. He was a widower when he eutered the clerical state and won the favor of Paul 11., who appointed him Bishop of Savona, and Si.xtus IV., who made hira a cardinal. He strove to promote peace among Christian princes and to unite them against the Turks, who had not long lielore conquered t'oustantiuoplo. lie •quarreled, however, with King Ferdinand of S'aples over the pajTnent of the customary tribute, excommunicated him, and transferred his kingdom to Charles VIII. of France, whereupon Ferdinand yielded. His nepotism was marked; be gave his illegitimale son Franeeschetlo several towns near Rome, and secured for him the hand of Maddalena. diUightcr of Lorenzo de' ilediei. In compensation be made her fourteenyear-old brother Giovanni a cardinal, and thus opened the way of the family to the P:i])al throne. Consult Serdonati, ^'ita e fiitii d'liinocriizo VIII. (Milan, 1*29). TirxoCExr IX. (Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti ) . Pope 1.501. He was born at Bologna in 1519 and studied law. He was the first bishop named by Pius IV., and, after the close of the Council of Trent, was nuncio at Venire for six years. Gregory Xlll. made him a cardinal, and he held important olTiers under Ibis Pn|)e and his two suc- cessors, practically administering the Papacy during the illness of Gregory XIV. His own reign, however, was cut short by death after two months, during which he had supported the League in France. He left a number of learned philosophical and political writings. I:t:?o<t:n"T X. (Giovanni Battista Pamfili). Pope 1G44-.").'). He was the candidate of the Span- ish partj- in the conclave, .nnd thus opposed by the French. He was much influenced by his sister- in-law Olimpia Alaidaehini. but the insinuations of Gregorio Leti are cliaraeterized by Ranke as a baseless romance. In the bull Zclun domux Dei of 1648 (published in 1(>51) he condemned the Peace of Westphalia as injurious to the rights of the Church, and in 10.5.3 he condemned the famous five propositions of .Tansen (see .Tanskx- I.iM). On this point consult: Hergenriither, Knthofhrhc Kirrhe mid chrhtVirhrr fllnat (Frei- burg. 1S72) : and for his life. Ciainpi. Innoccnzo X. Pamfili c la sua corte (Rome, 1878). Ts^ocEKT XL (Benedetto Odescalchi). Pope lfi7fi-8n. He was born at Como in Ifill, and named cardinal by Innocent X. in 1045. Ap- pointed Bishop of Xovara in 1650. he devoted the revenues of the see to the poor, and later resigned it to his brother, taking np his residence in Rome. He was a vigorous and judicious reformer, and bis reign is entirely free from the stain of nepo. tism. Tn IfiTO he censured as lax sixty-five propositions taken from .Tesuit works on moral theology; and by the constitution Cc^lestis Pas- tor of 1687 condemned still more strongly sixty- eight pro|>ositii>us ol Molinos (<j.v. ). Allhough lie oweil his eUclion to the French i)arty, he was soon involved in conllicts with Louis Xl'., which lasted throughout his pontificate. One arose over the claim of the French Ambassador in Rome to a right of asylum, which enabled him to slielter ciiminals, uot only in his palace, but in the sur- rounding quarter. Prc<'ipitatcd by an alleged attack by the Corsican gmuds of the Po|X'. it leil to a military expedition being launelie(l against the Holy See. A more serious contlici arose when the Pope attempted to put an end to the abuse of the King's keeping sees vacant, in virtue of «hat was called the Droit de ri'ijalc, and appropriat- ing their revenues. The resistance to this attempt drew forth the celebrated declaration of the French clergA' as to the 'tJallican liberties.' (See GAXilcAX ClUBCU.) Innocent, as did Bossuet and Fenclon, disapproved of Louis Xl'.'s meth- ods of converting liu' Huguenots by force. On this point consult Gerin, "Le pape Innocent XI, et la revocation de I'Edit de Nantes," in ]{evue dcs quesJions hisloriques (Paris, 1878) ; al.so consult, id., "Innocent XL et la revolution anglaise de 1(188." ib. (Paris, 1876): id.. Lt^iiis XIV. et le Saint Hirge (2 vols., ib., ISOOI : Im- mich. Papst Jnnoccnz .XI. (Berlin. lOOO) : Mi- chaud, Louis XIT. et Innocent XL, 4 vols. ( Paris, 188:!), Ix:tocKNT XTI. (Antonio Pignatclli). Pope 1001-1700. He was born at Naples in 1015. ami, after filling important diplomatic posts. was maile a cardinal by Innocent XL. wliose reforming pol- icy he set himself to imitate when raised to the Papacy after a session of the conclave lasting nearly six months. He brought about a recon- ciliation with France, after the French bishops had retracted the 'four articles': and abandoned the aiiti-French jiolicy which, since Urban VIIL, the popes had maintained almost without ex- ception. IsxociJNT Xllt. (Michclamielo de' Conti. the son of Carlo II.. Duke of Poll). Pope 1721-24. lb- was born in 1055 and raised to the episeoi)atc and the eardinalate by Clement XI. He chose his title as Pope in memory of Innocent III., who h:id belonged to his family. Like his predecessor, he strongly supported the Pretender, who was alw.iys recognized as .Lames III. in Uome. At the instance of the French Court, be very unwillingly made the Minister Dubois a cardinal; but he refused to rec.nll the bull condemning .Jansenism. INNOCENTS, Holt, Fea.<!T of. A festival which coiiimcmorates the massacre of the children at Bethlehem (Matt. ii. 16-181. These children are referred to as martyrs by Saint Cyprian, and still more explicitly by Saint Augustine; and it is to them that the exquisite hymn of Prudentius, Salirle Florrs Martiirum, is addressed. In the modern Church this feast is cclel)ratcd as a spe- cial holiday by the young, and many curious customs connected with it prevail in some coun- tries. One of these is. that in private families the children are on this day privileged to wear the clothes of the elders, and in some sort to exer- cise atithority over the household in their stead. In the Roman Catholic Church, which celebrates this festival on December 28th, the color of vest- ments (except when it falls on Sunday, when red, the usual color of martyrs, is employed) is violet, the color of mourning, since the innocents died before the completion of the work of redemption.
