INNOCENT. 637 INNOCENT. as Emporor. Anacletus still maintained posses- sion of the Castle of Sant' Angelo until liis death in 11^8, and Innocent was obliged to absent him- self from Itome during much of that time. In liyj he held the second Lateran Council, which was attended by about a thousand bisliops, and confirmed the condemnation pronounced by sev- eral councils on Abelard and the followers of Arnold of Brescia. In 1141 a conflict arose be- tween Ihe I'ope and iiis former supporter, Louis V 11., which resulted in an interdict covering any place where the King might be, and onl3' removed by Cek'slinc 11. Cmisuil: -Marten^. Die HikcI- tuny (Us jiii IIS I lichen Sliililcs tinier Huinrirh HI. uiid Heinrich IV. (Freiburg, 1886); Muhlbacher, Die .iJrriliur I'apslnahl t/c? Jahres Jl.SO (Inns- bruck, 187G) ; and the letters of Innocent II. in iligne, I'utroloyia Lalina, cl.xxix. Innocent III. (Lotario de' Conti). Pope 1198- 1216. This was by far the greatest Pope of the name, and under him tiie power of the Papacy was more widely extended than ever before. He was born at Anagni in 1101 and made cardinal by his uncle, Clement III., after a distinguished career in Paris, Bologna, and Rome. His election to the Papacy at the age of thirty-seven was looked upon with misgiving, which finds expres- sion in a poem by the famous Walther von der 'ogehveide: "0 we, der bfibest ist ze June: hilf. hcrre, diner kristenheit" (Alas, the Pope is too young: help. Lord, thy Christendom!). But the combined strength and wisdom of his rule soon allayed these fears. His first success was the restoration of the Papal authority in Rome and the Stales of the Church; but he soon extended his inlluencR to every part of Europe. In Ger- many he adjudicated with authority upon the rival claims of Otho, son of Henry the Lion, and Philip of Swabia; and a second time he inter- pose(l ellectually in behalf of his ward, Fred- erick II. In France he espoused the cause of the injired Ingcborg, whom Philip Augustus had attempted to repudiate in order to marry Agnes of Meran. Another interposition in favor of the sanctity of the marriage tie was that by which he disciplined Alfonso IX. of Leon, who had married within the prohibited degrees. His legates crowned the Prince of the Bulgarians and the King of Bohemia, and even the King of Ar- menia received the investiture of his kingdom from them. The history of his relations with England (see John; Langton, Stephen) is no less noteworthy as an exhibition of the extent of his su[u-emac_v. That nothing might be want- ing to the completeness of his authority through- out the then known world, the Latin conquest of Constantinople put an end to the shadowy pretensions of the Eastern rivals of his power, spiritual as well as temporal. As an ecclesias- tical administrator Innocent III. holds a high place. He was a vigorous guardian of public and private morality, a steady protector of the weak against oppression, and zealous in conflict with simcmy and other alnises of the time. He prohibited the multiplication of religious orders by private authority, but he lent all his influence to the furtherance of the remarkable spiritual movement in which the two great mendicant orders (see FRANnscANs; Dominican.s) had their origin. The celebrated fourth Lateran Council (q.v.). held in ISl.'i. marked the zenith of his remarkable reign. In the following year, while busily engaged in promoting peace among the Italian cities, so as to remove obstacles to the Crusade, Innocent was seized with a fever and died at Perugia in his fifty-sixth year. Con- sult: Von Hurter, Ocschichte dcs J'apslcs Inno- cenz 111. und seiner Zeityenossen (4 vols., 3d ed. Hijmburg, 1841-43) ; Barry. The Papal Mon- archy (New York, 1903) ; Brischar, Innocenz 111. und seine Zeit (Freiburg, 1883); Uelisle, Mdynoire sur les actes d'Innuccnt III., suivi de I'iliniraire de ce poniife (Paris, 1857); Linde- mann, Krilixche Darslcllunr/ der Verhandliinyen liin-Qccnz III. mit den dfulschen Oegenkonigen (llagdeburg, 188.5) ; Gasparin. Innocent III. (Paris, 1873); Deutsch. I'apst Innocenz III. und sein Einfluss auf die Kirehe (Breslau, 1877). Innocent IV. (Sinibaldo de' Fiesehi, Count of Lavagna). Pope 1243.54. He was born at Genoa, of a distinguislied family, and was elected at Anagni by the cardinals who had fled from Rome, then occupied by the Emperor Frederick II. His first and most difhcult task was to com- pose the strife which had long raged between this brilliant and vigorous prince and the Holy See. Terms of peace were agreed to in 1244. the Imperial commissioner being Peter de 'lnea (q.v.), afterwards an antipoiie; but Frederick in- terpreted them in a sense of his own and attempt- ed to seize the person of Innocent, who escaped to Genoa and thence to Lyons. To this city he summoned a general council in 1245 to deal with the questions at issue. (See Lyons. Coun- cils 0I-. ) Innocent was unable to return to Italy until after Frederick's death, arriving in Rome in 1253. The conflict still continuing, he excommunicated the new Emperor, Conrad IV., on Maundy Thursday of 1254. Conrad died six weeks later: the power of the Ghibellines de- clined, and peace revisited Italy. Manfred, the natural son of Frederick, then took up arms again at the head of a Moorish army and inflicted a severe defeiit on the Papal forces on Decem- ber 2d. Five days later Innocent died at Naples. He was considered n man of great lc:irning and did much to advance the universities of Paris and Bologna. He wrote a commentary on the Decretals of Gregory IX.. which was first printed at Strassburg in 1477. Consult: Masetti, / pon- iefiei Onorio III., Oreyorio IX. ed Innocente I^'. a fronle dell' Imperatore Federico II. ( Rome, 1884) ; BeritQT, Les regisf res d'Innocent IV. {Paris, 1884) ; Weber. Der Kampf zuisrhcn Papst Inno- cenz IV. und Kaiser Friedrich II. his zur Fliicht des Papstes nach Lyon (Berlin, 1000). Innocent V. (Pietro dl Tarantasia). Pope 127G. He was born in Savoy, entered the Domini- can Order, and taught with great success in Paris. He was made Archbishop of Lyons in 1271 and Cardinal immediately afterwards. His Pontificate lasted only five months and was marked by en- deavors to reconcile the Guelphs and Ghihei lines and to reunite the Eastern churches with Rome. He left commentaries on a large part of the Bible and on the Sentences of Peter Lond)ard. Consult Carboni. De Innocentio V.. Poinano Pan- tifice (Rome. 1804). Innocent VT. (Etienne Anhert). Pope 1352-62. He was bom at Mont in the Diocese of Limoges, and elected Pope at Avignon, where he resided during his pontificate. He was a distinguished canonist, and did nmch to reform ecclesiastical discipline. His influence was exerted for peace in many quarters of Europe, and he encouraged learning, inviting Petrarch to reside at his Court.
