JACQUABD. 90 JACQUERIE. JACQUARD, zha'kiir', Joseph Marie (1752- 1834). A French inventor, horn at Lyons. He was the son of a weaver, and at first followed liis father's trade, hut afterwards was a hookbindor and typesetter. Still later, after the death of his father, he began experimenting with looms, and lost his small inheritance (1772). In 1703 he fought in the .Army of the Khine, and then went back to l.yon.s, where he completed his invention, known as the .Taccpiard lo<im. for which he was awarded a bronze' medal at the huhistrial Kx- position of 1801. He continued to improve his loom despite the hostility of the Lyons work- men, and in 180(> his invention was bought by the State and declared public property. Jae- quard was rewarded with a jjension and a royalty on each loom, and in 1840 a statue of him was erected at Lyons. See the article Loom for an account of his invention. JACQUE, zhAk, Charles E.mii.k (1S1,'?-04). A French painter and engraver, born in Paris. He first became' known as an engraver, and ex- hibited little a.s a painter until after ls!4n. His eanva.ses arc always small, but his workmanship is broad and masculine. His pictures include: "XTn troupcau de nioutons" (IStil), in the Luxembourg: "Grand troupeau au pfiturage," "Int^rieur d'ccurie," and "Cbevau.x de halage" (1894). He is noted for his farmyard scenes especially, and illustrations to Lc ixiulaillcr. monofiraiihir dcs ponies iiirliiii'-ues cl cxutii/ucs ( 18(i!)). His excellent etchings include "L'abreu- voir aix vaches" ( 18!)2).and "Intfrieur de bergc- rie" (lSn;i). They were catalogued by Guiffrey, and amount to 420 plates. He received the deco- ration of the I^egion of Honor in 18(17, and a first class medal at the Paris Exposition of 1889. JACQUELINE, zh:'ik'l«*.n'. The name given to grotcs(|Uc mugs, in the shape of a woman seated, first made in Desvres, France, and later in Hol- land, Germany, and England. They are called 'tobies' in England. JACQUEMART, zhfik'mar', Alfred Henri Marie (1824—). A French sculptor, born in Paris. He studied painting there under Pail Delarcx^he, but forsook it for sculpture, and had his first pla.ster group in the Salon of 1847. Afterwards he exhibited studies of animals, and he executed also an equcstriiin statue of Louis XIL, that of Mehemet All in Alexandria, the four colossal lions upon the bridge in Cairo, two griffins at the Foi<nt;iin of Saint Michel, Paris, the statue of Marictte Bey at Boulogne- sur-iler. and many other works in bronze and marble. He received numerous medals and the decoration of the Legion of Honor (1870). JACQUEMART, .Tilks FEnniMAxn (1837- 80). A French painter and etcher, born in Paris. His father was All>ert .Tacquemart (1802-75), the author of the following works, which his son illustrated by etchings, wood-cuts, and engrav- ings: Histoire de la porcelnine (1801-02) ; fZis- toire de le ceramiqvc (1873) : JJintoire du mo- hilier (1870): and hes merreilles dr la cfrii- mique (1860-69). But his most noted work is sixty plates for GcmniPS fl joiiatix dr In rouronvr (186,5. the text by Barbet de .Jony). a mar'el- ous reproduction of the most delicate objects. His plates after the Dutch masters and his water- color paintings are also fine. JACQUEMART, NfiLiE Barbe Htacixthe (1841 — ). A French portrait painter, born in Paris. She studied with LC-on Cognict, and had two pictures in the Salon of 1863, but became better known by her portraits, such as those of Uenolt-Champy' (1868), Duruy (180lt), Thiers (1872), and Monscigneur Perraud ( 1881 1 . .fter her nuirriage with a wealthy Parisian banker, . dre, in 1882. she ceased painting and joined the ranks of art patrons. JACQUEMINOT, zhak'me'n.V, Jean Fkax- (,'0is, 'iscounl (1787-1852). . French general. He was horn :it Xancy ; studied at the ICcolc Mili- laire: entered the army in 1803. and. rising ti> the grade of colonel, disthigtiishcd him.self at Austerlitz, in the northern campaigns under Oudinot, and in the retreat fnnii Russia. When Napoleon returned from Elba, Jacqueminot was made connnander of lancers. He made a brilliant charge at Quatre Bras, and after Waterloo re- fused transfer to the service of the Bourbons, was imprisoned for a short time, anil after his relea.se established at Bar-lc-Duc a great silk- factory, which gave employment to many of the veterans of the Republic. Elected to the House of Deputies in 1827. he joined in the protest of the Two Hundred and Twenty-one against Poli- gnac, and with Pajol directed the Rand)ouillet ex- pedition which led Charles X. to leave France. In 1842 he succeeded Gerard as commander of the National Guards of the Seine. Louis Philippe made him a viscount in 1846. His indecision at the bead of the Guards made possible the Revo- lution of 1848, and he was retired in that year. JACQUEMONT, zhak'mox'. Victor (1801- 32). . Frencli traveler, born in Paris. He traveled in the West Indies in 1826. and two years later was appointed by the authorities of the Royal Gardens to undertake a voy.age of ex- ploration in India. After several delays caused by an insuflicient outfit, he crossed the Hima- layas, explored a portion of Tibet, and reached Cliinese Tartary. Shortly after his return he died in Bombay. Guizot edited his scholarly and entertaining oyri(ip dniii I'Inde (1834-441, which contains much information on a variety of subjects. His ('orrcsiioiulniirr (1833) is par- ticularly interesting from his gift for ob.servation and the easy, familiar style in which he wrote. JACQUERIE, zha'kre' (from Jacques Bon- hoinme, the conunon epithet bestowed by the nobles in derision on the French peasant). The name given to the insurgent peasants in France in the middle of the fourteenth century, in the reign of .John the Good. The insurrec- tion of the Jacquerie broke out in the year 13.58, when the French King was a prisoner in England, and France in a state of the' greatest disorder and anarchy as a result of the invasions by the armies of Edward III. The immediate occasion of it was a collision between adherents of some nobles and the peasants in the month of May, in the neighborhood of Beauvais: but it was really caused by long-continned oppression on the part of the nobles. Suddenly rising against their lords, the peasants laid hundreds of castles in ruins, murdered the nobles, and practiced every atrocity — acting, as they said, on the principle of doing as had been done to them. For some days the region of the Lower Marne and the Oise was entirely at their mercy, and the peasants were joined by the bourgeoisie in some of the towns; but the magnitude of the danger induced the quarrelsome nobles to make common cause
