JACQUERIE. 91 JADWIN. against them, and on June 10th the peasants were defeated with great slaughter near ileaux by Charles the Bad of Xavarre. This put an end to the insurrection. But the nobles took a terrible revenge, burning the villages and killing the peasants. In two weeks 20,000 are said to have been murdered. The barbarous retaliation went on for two years. Froissart, who had little sympathy for the peasants, undoubtedly drew too dark a picture of the atrocities committed by the Jacquerie, hile minimizing the sanguinary vengeance exacted by the nobles. Consult : Luce. Eistoire de la Jacquerie (Paris, 1859) : and Flammermont, in the Revue Historique, vol. ix., pp. 123-143 (Paris, 1879). JACQUIN, zha'kax', Kikolavs Joseph, Baron (1727-1817). An Austrian botanist, born at Leyden. He studied in his native city and in Paris, and afterwards went to Vienna, where he made a catalogue of the plants in the gar- den at Schiinbrunn for Emperor Francis I. In 1755 lie went on a voyage to South America. Some years after his return he became professor of botany and chemistry at the University of Vienna. Some of the more important of his works are: Hortus Botanicus Viiidobonensis (1770-7G); Flora Aiistriaca (1773-78); Icones Plantarum Rariorum (1781-93) ; and Plantarum Rariorum Horti CcFsarei Schonhrunnensis (1797- 1804). — His son, Fb. z Joseph (1767-1839), was also a botanist. JACTITATION" (ML. jactitafio. from Lat. jaititare. to utter, frequentative of jactare, to agitate, discuss, frequentative of jacere, to ihrow; connected with Gk. id-n-Teiv, ia/itein. to throw). The offense of falsely and maliciously asserting a legal claim or right to the detriment of another. The offense is not generally dealt with by the law as a crime, nor does it come within the class of wrongs, denominated torts, which are remediable by a punitive action for damages, but it may, by appropriate process, be suppressed, and the rights of the injured party established by a decree. In English law the offense is cog- nizable only by the ecclesiastical courts, and by the Probate. Divorce, and Admiralty Division of the High Court of Justice, and is confined to the false assertion of a right to tithes and to a seat in a church, and to the false claim of marriage to another. In the last-named case the process is called jactitation of marriage. The action is known in the United States as well as in England, but is not of frequent occurrence in England. It is more common in Scotland. Sec Blackstone. Commentaries on the Laws of Eng- land: 1 Scotch Session Cases. 3d series, 101. JACUABU. A Brazilian lizard. See Teju. JADASSOHN", ya'da-son, S.LOJroN (1831- 1902 ) . A German musical composer and theorist. bom at Breslau. He studied the pianoforte under Hesse and Liszt, the violin umler Liistner, and in 1848 entered the eonsenatorv at Leipzig, in which institution he subsequently (1871) be- came professor of harmony, pianoforte composi- tion, and coimterpoint. He sttidied under Liszt in 1849. but his career as a teacher dates from 1852, after a course of private study under Hauptni.Tnn. His various works on the science of music have continued to be used as text-books throughout the world. He is the composer of about one hundred and fifty works in nearly everv musical form, all written in faultless stvie. Al- VOL. XI.— 7. though he will be remembered as a great theorist rather than as a great composer, many of his compositions bear evidences of permanent value. He was appointed conductor of the Psalterion Choral Society in 18GG, and from 1807 to 1861) was Kapellmeister of the "Euterpe' organization. Among his text-books the following are note- worthy: Harnionielehrc (Leipzig. 1883; Eng. trans., Xew York, 1893) ; Kontrapunht (Leip- zig, 1884) ; Kauoii und Fugue (Leipzig, 1884) : Lehrbuch der Instrumentation (Leipzig. 1889) (the above have also been translated into English at Leipzig); and Elementar ■ Harmonielehrn (Leipzig, 1895). JADE (Fr., Sp. jade, from Sp. yjada, ijada, side, from Lat. ilium, flank, groin; ultimately connected with Gk. crXfiK, eilein, Lat. volrere, Goth, ualicjan, AS. uealwian, Eng. xcallow ; so called as being formerly supposed to cure pain in the side). A name applied to various tough, compact minerals of the pyro.xene and amphibole groups, chiefly jadeite and nephrite, of a white to dark-green color. These minerals were used by primitive man for titensils and ornaments, and among the Ciiinese they are highly prized as material for vases and other car-ed objects. Specimens of jade have been found among the remains of the lake-dwellers of Switzerland, at various points in France, and in Mexico, Greece, Egypt, and Asia Minor. The chalchihuitl of the early Mexicans has been supposed by some to have been jade, but the present belief is that this name refers to the turquoise fotind in the mines in Xew ilexico. See Chalchihuitl. JADE, ya'df, or JAHDE. An inlet of the Xorth Sea in the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, Xorth Germany. It owes its origin to an inunda- tion which occurred in 1511. It is about ten miles in diameter, and the greater part is shallow with exposed mud flats at low tide; but at the narrow inlet it is deep enough for the largest men-of-war, and here a small territory a little over a mile in extent was acquired by the Prus- sian Government from Oldenburg in 1854. On it was built the fortified port and naval station of Wilhelmshaven ( q.v. ) . JArrWIN", Edg.r (1865—). An American military engineer, bom at Honesdale, Pa. He studied at Lafavette Collese (Ea.ston, Pa.) in 1S84-86. graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1890, and carried on post-graduate studv in the L'nited States engineer school from 1891" to 1893. In 1890-91, 1893-99. and 1900-02, he was an assistant in Government engineering, largely in connection with rivers, harbors, and fortifications. During the Spanish-.merican War tie was in the volunteer seirice, with rank of major, Third Regiment. United States Volun- teer Engineers, from .June 20, 1898. to September 15. 1898. and of lieutenant-colonel. Third Regi- ment, from September 15. 1898. to Mav 17. 189.1. From Decemlier 22. 1898. to February 28. 1899. he was in command of the detached battalion of the regiment at Matanzas, Cuba, where the work performed included the sur-eying of ilatanzas City and superintendence of its cleaning and san- itation, laying of water-pipes to camps, general care of the water-supply for the troops, and the draughting of nimierous maps. He was ap- pointed captain. Corps of Engineers, United States .rniy. in 1900. and in 1902 was placeil in charge of all river and harbor and fortification
