JADWIN. 92 JAGANNATH PURI. ■work on the Pacific Coast south of San Fran- tioco, including the construction of the San rcdro breakwater. He contributed articles on military engineering to The Sew Intcrnaiiomtl Encyclo- pa-diu. JAEGEB or JAGER GULL. See Skla. JAEN, iia-an'. A foiTuer kingdom in Anda- lusia, or Southern Spain, now the Province ol Jaen, which includes a somewhat larger area (5122 square miles) than the old kingdom (Jlap: Spain, D 4). It is bounded by Xew Cas- tile on the north, Murcia on the east, Granada on the south, anil Cordova on the west. It lies in the upper basin of the Guadalquivir. The northern part is traversed by the Sierra ilorena, now deforested and almost barren, while in the south and east are the rugged, lofty, and wcll- forcsted .Sierras de .Segura and Cazorla. The mineral wealth, especially of the northern moun- tains, is eonsideral)le. including lead, iron, cop- per, zinc, and salt. Though iron ore is plentiful, lead is the only .metal extensively mined, the production amounting to over 80,000 tons of ore annually. Agriculture is conflned to the valley of the Guadalquivir; cereals and olives are grown; other industries are unimportant. The population of the province in 1887 was 437,842, and in HtOO. 409.881. The largest city is Linares, and the capital is .Tai'n. The Moorish Kingdom of Jaen arose in the eleventh century at the time of the dissolution of the Caliphate of Cordova. It was short-lived and of little importance. The region was con- qviered by Castile early in the fourteenth century. JAEN. Tile capital of the province of the same name, Spain, situated in the valley of the Guadalquivir, at the foot of Mount Jabalcnz, 58 miles east of Cordova, and on a branch of the railroad between Madrid, Cordova, and Seville (Map: Spain, D 4). It is surrounded by the remains of old iloorish walls, with numerous towers and pinnacles. There are several old Gothic churches and a cathedral : the only really handsome buildings of the town, however, arc among its private palaces. The town has a high school or institute containing extensive art galleries and a fine library: it has also a theatre and a bull-ring. In the neighborhood are the sulphur springs and baths of .Jabalcuz. Popula- tion, in 1887. 2.5.70fl; in 1000, 25,566. JAFFA, y;iff:i (Ar. Tnfa). A seaport town of .Syria, .Vsiatic Turkey, situated in the Sanjak of Jerusalem,, on a rocky elevated coast. 35 miles northwest of .Terusalem, of which it is the port, and with which it is also connected by a railway line 54 miles long (Map: Asia. Co). It is irregularly built, and possesses few points of interest. Its mosques and monasteries are of slight architectural merit, and its harbor is far from safe. The coast is skirted by a dan- gerous reef, through which the entrance is ex- ceedingly narrow. In stormy weather it is often impossible to land for days at a time. As the port of .Jerusalem, however. Jaffa is not without commercial value, and its importance is in- creasing with the development of the surround- ing region. The chief exports of .Jaffa are soap, fruits, wine. oil. and sesame, while the im- ports consist chiefly of cotton goods, rice, sugar, petroleum, tobacco, lumber, etc. The oranges of JafTa are justly reputed the finest in the world. The total shipping of the port in 1900 amounted to over UUO,OUO tons, .lalla is the seat of many consular agencies, including one from the L'nited Stales. In the vicinity are situated two German colonies founded by the Friends of the Temple (q.v.), and one Jewish colony of the Alliance Israelite, with a school of agriculture. There are several missionary hospitals and schools. The population is estimated at over 21,000, mostly Mohammedans. See Joppa. JAFFi:, yaf'fu, PiiiLipp (1819-70). A Ger- man historian, born at Schwersenz, in Posen, and educated at Berlin under Kanke. He became an active editor of the Moniinicnln (Icniiuiiiw llistoriea, and ]>ublished Ccschichtc des Dculschcn J'eiclis imlcr Konrad III. (1845), and the vcr.y valuable Ucgcsta Poitli/icum Homanorum (2d cd. 1881-80). But academic advancement was blocked by his Hebrew faith, so lie took up the study of medicine. His excellent contributions to the Moiiumcnta were broken olT in 1803. a year after his appointment to a chair in Berlin, by a quarrel with I'crtz. He became a Christian in ISUS. lost many of his earlier friends, and committed suicide at Wittenberg. His most imiK)rtant work was the BibliolhciK Ifenim (Icr- manicariim (1864-73). JAFFNA, jiifna, or JAFFNAPATAM. A fortified town situated on an island of the same name, lying off the northern coast of Ceylon, of which it is an administrative dependency, and from which it is sci)arated by a narrow strait (Map: India, C 7). It has an old- fort erected during the Portuguese occupation, a few inter- esting temples, and an old Dutch church; it is generally well built. The chief industry- of the people is fishing, and there is some trade in rice. tobacco, and I'alnivra timber. .Jaffna is identified with the Galiba of Ptolemv. Population, in 1891, 43.17!>; in 1900, 33,800". JAGANNATH, jfig-a-niit', PUE.I, poo-re', or .JiGGFRXAtT ( Skt. Jonanniitha. lord of the world, from jagat, world, going, pies. part, of gam, to go -- natlia, lord, from iifith, to seek iielp). (1) The name of a town on the coast of Orissa, Bengal, in latitude 19' 48' X., longitude 85° .50' H, also known as Puri, which is now the official name. It is celebrated as one of the chief places of jiilgrimagc in India. 1-or many centu- ries the (ioUlen Tooth of the Buddha was lire- served at Puri: but it owes its reputation now to a temple erected there in honor of Vishnu, un- der his aspect as -Jagannath. (2) The deity of Jagannath is essentially a god of all people: and this fact, combined with the peculiarly attractive nature of Krishna, also an incarnation of Vishnu, is the chief cause for the reverence paid him. It seems probable that the 'lord of the world" was originally a local godling of non-Indian origin, who was absorbed into the Vishnuitic form of Hinduism, which holds sway especially in East- ern India. Jagannath has a magnificent temple in Puri. and is exposed to view three days each year. On the first of these days (the S'tinii jnllrn. or bathing procession) the god is publicly bathed. Ten days later, on the f'nth juttrn. or ear festi- val, he is drawn on an enormous and floridly ornate car to some neighboring temple, whence he returns in somewhat diminished pomp after a week. The fact that in the press and excitement of the enthusiastic multitude some fatalities occasionallv occur has given rise to the erro-
