JAPANESE LITERATURE. 144 JARDIN D'ACCLIMATATION. portations and amid all changes to preserve the spirit of Old Japan. Consult: The Transacliona of the Asiatic So- cicty of Japan (YoUohania, 1874-98; Ixjndon, 1898 et SLHj. ^ ; Chaiiiliorlain, The Classical I'octry of the Japanese (London, 1880) ; -Vston, History of Japanese Literature (New York, 1890) ; Mit- ford, Tales of Old Japan (Gth cd., London, 1890). JAPANESE MUSIC. The music of Japan is alnnisi idi-nlioal in form willi that of China. I'rom the fifth century, when Korean mu.sieians introiluced the stronger, more elahorate type, Chinese music has dominated, except in the temples where the priests still preserve the older forms. The only instrunu-nt-s indigenous to the island are the "Vamato' koto, anil the "Vamato' llute. The few otiiers employed are 7iierely soft- ened niodilieations of Chinese instruments. From time inmiemorial the national music has been handed down by certain chosen families, and it is this spirit of conservatism as much as the poverty of their musical instruments which has prevented any original development in .Japanese music. In addition they are hampered by a lack of syste- matized notation, a scale derived from the Chi- nese, and the unvaried use of conuuon time. The most noticeable cliaracteristies are, an extensive use of chromatics, the monotony of their melodies, and the prevalence of the minor key. It is of interest to note that the national hymn was com- posed by an emperor and written by an empress in the seventh century. For a general view of Japanese music, consult Piggott, Music of Japan (London, 189.3). See also Chinese Music. JAPANESE PERSIMMON. See Pebsim- MO^ . JAPANESE ROBIN. A dealer's name for one of the Kast Indian liill-tits (q.v.). freijtiently kept a^ a cage-bird. JAPANESE SPANIEL. See Spamei.. JAPANNING. The art of giving a coating of varnish and other materials to certain manu- laetiires, by which a glossy surface is produced, which in the best works resembles the beautiful lai-<|iiere(l wares of .lapan and China. JAPAN VARNISH TREE. A .Japanese tree ■which furnishes a varnish. See Sumach. JA'PHETH (Heb. Yepheth, from palhah, to oix-n ) . According to the Book of Genesis, the third and youngest son of Noah, and the ancestor of a promiscuous group of nations (Gen. x. 2-5), which inebided on the one side the fireeks and inhal)itants of various islands (or supposed isl' ands) to the west of the Phtrnician coast, and on the other side nations like Gomer, Madai, Tubal, and Mesheh, dwelling to the north and northeast of Syria. Scholars are agreed that the tenth chapter of Genesis is not based on ac- curate information and has little ethnological value. A leading idea of the compiler in his grouping of the nations seems to have been to place among the descendants of Shem the people vbom he liked or who were favorable to the Hebrews; among Ham (q.v.) the people who were hostile to the Hebrews; and among Japheth the outlying nations wh<pm he did not particularly eaie about one way or the other. It is idle there- fore to seek for any ethnic bond uniting those grouped together as sons of .Japheth, and it is a pure :iceidcnt that some (by no means all) of fhem belong to the Arvan race or what is com- monly designated as such. In Gen. ix. 25-27, .lapheth represents a .section of I'aleslint — prob- ably I'huiiieia. In view of this it is plausible to assume some connection lietween .laplieth and the Phcvnician jKut Jojiiia. which existed already at the time of the Egyptian supremacy in West- ern Asia. Joppa signifies 'lieauty,' and Japheth can be derived from the same stem. JATHET IN SEARCH OF A FATHER. A novel l>y Captain -Manyat (Ks.'iil). It is the story of a foundling, telling his adventures in trying to find his father, who turns out to he a testy old East Indian olliccr. JAPICX, yil'piks, Gysuert (lCO.3-66). A Frisian poet, horn at Bol.sward. His father was a burgomaster, and the son after an excellent edu- cation )?ecame schoolmaster at Bolsward (lti;i4). In his hands the West Frisian dialect again hc-^ came a liteniry tongue. From the French he translated in jirose several poems, and he also ))ublished versions of the Psalms. His own writ- ing was marked by originality, feeling, and lyric beauty. The Fricsche Hymterye was first |)ub- lished in 1608; the edition of Kpkema (Leeuwar- den, 1821) is supplemented by a grammar and vocabulary (ib., 182S). Consult: llalbertsma, Ilulde aan (lysliert Japiks (Bolsward and Lecu- warden. 1824-27). JAPURA, zha'poo-rii'. A river in Colombia and Brazil. See Yapuha. JAQUENETTA, jak'e-net'ta. A country girl, tlic object of Armado's love, in Shakespeare's Love's Labours Lost. JAQUES, jaks or jiiks, on the stage often pro- nounced ja'kwez. Fr. prvn. zhak. (1) A contem- plative character in .Shakes])eare's .1.9 You lAke It ('the melancholy Jaques'). (2) A son of Sir Rowland de Bois in .4.s Vow Like It. (3) A miser in Ren .lunson's The Case is Altered. JARARACA, zha'ra-ra'ka (Port., from the native name). A venomous crotaline serpent {Lachesis jararaca) . widely distributed over tropical South .America, and closely related to, if not identical with, the buslimaster (q.v.) or labaria. which it resembles in colors and manner of life. JARCKE, yiir'ke, Karl Ernst (1801.52). A German jurist and conservative publicist. He was liorn at Danzig and studied at Bonn and Ciottingen. In 1824 in Cologne he became a mem- ber of the Roman Catholic Church after having been professor at Bonn. At Berlin in 1825 he be- came connected with the university as lecturer, and foundwl the Politisehes Wochenblatt. In 1832 he went to Vienna as Court and State Councilor, and as instructor of the Princes of Nassau. .Vmong .Jarcke's works are: Handhurh des gemeinen Strafrechts (1827-30) ; Die fran:o- sische Rei^olution von 18^0 (1831. anonymously) ; K. L. Hand und sein an Kot::cbue veriibter Mmd (1831); Die st-dndische Verfassuntj und die deutschen Konstitutionen (i) ; and Termischte Schriftrn (1839-54). With Phillips and Gilrres he founded in 1839 Ilistorisch-politische Bliitter. JARDIN D'ACCLIMATATION, zhiirdriN' da'kle'm;i'ta'syoN' (Fr., garden of acclimatiza- tion). A garden of fifty acres forming part of the Bois de Boulogne in Paris, designed to ac- climatize foreign plants and animals suitable for domestic or ornamental purposes. It contains, besides buildings for the various animals, a per-
