JASSY. 149 JATIVA. of Saint Nicholas, and the Church of tlie Three Saints. There are also a numher of interest- ing residences of the boyar families. Jassy is the seat of a Greek Orthodox metropolitan and of a Roman Catholic bishop. The educational institutions of the city include a university, with 600 students, a theological seminary, a military school, a school of art, a school of music, and a litcrarj' and scientific society. The industries of .iassy are insignificant, but the conunerce is rather importaut. The exports consist chiefly of agricultural and animal products, petroleum and salt, while the cliief imports are foreign manu- factures and coal. Population, in 1899, 78,009, about 50 per cent, being Jews. Jassy was created a town in the fourteenth century, and became the residence of the lloldavian princes in loOo. A treaty of peace was concluded here between Russia and Turkey, on January 9, 1792, by which Russia acquired Otchakov and extended her frontiers to the Dniester. The struggle for Greek independence was inaugurated at Jassy by Alexander Ypsilanti in 1821. JASTROW, yas'tro, Ignaz ( 185G— ) . A Ger- man economist and historian, born in Xakel and educated at Breslau, Berlin and Giittingen. He became docent at Berlin ih 1885; edited the Jahresberichte der Geschichtsu-issenschaft (1881- 94); .S'ocio/e Pi-a.ris (1895-97); Das Oewerbege- richt (1896 sqq.) ; and Der Arbeilsmarkt (1897 sqq. ) ; and wrote: Geschichte des dciitsclien Einheitsiraumes unci seiner Erfuniing (1884; 4th ed. 1891) ; i<ocinUiberal (1893, id ed. 1894) ; Die Einrichtung von Arheitsnachweisen und A/beitsnachweisrrrbihuh'n (2d ed. 1900) ; and, with George Winter, Deutsche (leschichte iiti Zeilalter der Hohenstaufen (1897-1901), as well as pedagogical studies. Die SteUung der Pri- ratdoeenten (1896) and Das Dreiklassensystem (1894). JASTROW, j;is'tr6, Joseph (1863—). An ■American psychologist, son of Marcus Jastrow. He was born in Warsaw, Poland, but went to Philadelphia in 1866. After graduating at the University of Pennsylvania in 1882, and devoting some time to graduate study there, he was fellow in psychology at .Tohns Hopkins University ( 1885- 86). professor of psychology in the University of Wisconsin (1888 sqq.). and head of the psy- chological section in _the World's Columbian Ex- position of 1893. ji.strow contributed to the Psyehologieal Revieie, of which he was associate editor, and to other periodicals. He published: Time Relalions of ^iental Phenomena (1890); and Fnei and Fable in Psychology (1900) ; and, with others, wrote Epitome of Three Sciences (isno). JASTROW, Morris (or Marcus) (1829- 1903), An American rabbi and Talnuidist. He was born at Rogasen in Prussian Poland, studied at the gj-mnasium there, and at the universities of Berlin and Halle, and in 1857 became assistant rablii in Warsaw. His radical politics forced him from Russia in 1861. He was rabbi in Baden until 1863, at Worms until 1866. and, then coming to America, in Philadelphia until 1892, when he was named pastor emeritus. Prominent in .Jewish education and charities, he is best known for his Talmudic learning, and as aiithor of A Dirfionary of the Targumim, the Tafniud linbli. and Yervshahni and the Midrash- ic Literature (1886 sqq.), and as editor of the department of Talmud in the Jewish Encyclo- pcedia. JASTROW, Morris, Jr. ( 1861— ) . An Ameri- can Orientalist. He was born in Warsaw, Po- land, came to Philadelphia in 1866, and, after graduation in 1881 at the University of Penn- sylvania, studied Semitic languages and reli- gions in Leipzig and in Paris. Returning to Philadelphia, Dr. Jastrow became professor of Semitic languages and university librarian in the University of Pennsjdvania. Besides papers for the Zeitsehrift fiir Assyriologie, the Ameri- can Journal of tSemitic Languages, and the publi- cations of the American Oriental Society and the Society of Biblical Literature, he wrote: The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (1898), The Study of Religion (1901), and Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens (1902 sq.), and edited the Arabic text of the grammatical trea- tises of Abu Zakariyya Hayyug ( 1897 ) ; Se- lected Essays of James Durmesteter (with a memoir; translation of the essays by Mrs. Morris Jastrow, Jr.. 1895) ; and, with Professor Gott- heil, a Semitic Study Series (1902 sqq.). He contributed articles on Semitic archaeology to The Netc International Eneyclopa:dia. jASZBER:6nY, yasT^^-ran-y'. A town of Hungary, on the Zag>va, 40 miles east of Buda- pest (Map: Hungary, G 3). Population, in 1900, 26,432, Magyars and mostly Catholics, em- ployed in agriculture, and in trade in corn, cat- tle, and horses. There is a city hall with some archives. JATAKA, ja'ta-ka (Skt., relating to birth, from jan, to beget). Tlie name of a 'Book of Birth Stories,' a Buddhist work written in the Pali language, and containing 550 stories of incidents in the previous births of Sakya-muni, the Buddha, and to each of these tales is given a religious coloring at the close. This large col- lection forms a part of that division of Buddhist sacred canon known as the Sutta-pitaka. or 'Basket of Discourses' (see Pitaka), and it is di- vided into twenty-two books, roughly classified according to the number of short rhythmical stanzas that are introduced into each narrative regarding some episode in an anterior birth. The Jatakas are of great importance in the study of folk lore. The Pali text of the stories has been edited by Fausbijll, Jataka, Together with Its Commentary (7 vols., London, 1879-97) ; the Pali introduction, sketching Buddliist life, has been translated into English by Rhys Davids (London, 1880), and a valuable translation of the whole is being made by Chalmers, Rouse, Francis, and Xeil, tnider the editorship of Cowell, TIte Jntakas, or Stories of the Buddha's Former Births, vols, i.-iii. (Cambridge, 1895 et seq.). JATIVA, na'te-vi, or XATIVA, formerly San Felipe de .Jativa. A city in the Province of Valencia, Spain, 33 miles south of Valencia, on the railroad between that city and Madrid, in the midst of gardens, vineyards, and olive orchards (Map: Spain. E 3). It was formerly strongly fortified, and is still commanded by a castle situated on the brow of a hill. It has several fine promenades, and among its prominent build- inss are an old collegiate church, formerly a cathedral, a silk exchajige, a theatre, and a bull- ring. Its water-supply, brought through an aqueduct, is excellent, and is titilized in numer- ous fountains and several public laundries. Jfi-
